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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">fmp</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вестник Московского Университета. Серия XXV. Международные отношения и мировая политика</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Lomonosov World Politics Journal</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2076-7404</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Московский государственный университет имени М.В.Ломоносова</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.48015/2076-7404-2022-14-1-64-113</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">fmp-126</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ИНОСТРАННАЯ ПОМОЩЬ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>FOREIGN ASSISTANCE</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Президентские инициативы как инструмент управления политикой США по оказанию международной помощи в XXI веке: от Джорджа Буша-младшего до Джозефа Байдена</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Presidential Initiatives as a Tool to Manage U.S. Foreign Assistance Policies in the XXI Century: From George W. Bush Jr. to Joseph R. Biden</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бартенев</surname><given-names>В. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bartenev</surname><given-names>V. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Бартенев Владимир Игоревич — кандидат исторических наук, доцент кафедры международных организаций и мировых политических процессов, директор Центра проблем безопасности и развития факультета мировой политики</p><p>119991, Москва, ул. Ленинские горы, 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vladimir I. Bartenev — PhD (History), Associate Professor at the Chair of International Organizations and World Political Processes, Director of the Center for Security and Development Studies, School of World Politics </p><p>1 Leninskie Gory, Moscow, 119991</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vladimir.bartenev@fmp.msu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Московский государственный университет имени М.В. Ломоносова»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Lomonosov Moscow State University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>26</day><month>05</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>14</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>64</fpage><lpage>113</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Московский государственный университет имени М.В.Ломоносова, 2022</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Московский государственный университет имени М.В.Ломоносова</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Московский государственный университет имени М.В.Ломоносова</copyright-holder><license xlink:href="https://fmp.elpub.ru/jour/about/submissions#copyrightNotice" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>https://fmp.elpub.ru/jour/about/submissions#copyrightNotice</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://fmp.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/126">https://fmp.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/126</self-uri><abstract><p>В научной литературе по внешней политике США наблюдается труднообъяснимый дефицит работ, посвященных такому любопытному феномену, как президентские инициативы по оказанию международной помощи. Подобный инструмент если и рассматривается, то в контексте деятельности отдельных администраций, но не функционирования американской национальной системы управления международной помощью в целом. Настоящая статья призвана восполнить этот пробел. В первом разделе обозначено место президентских инициатив среди применяемых главой Белого дома инструментов управления политикой международной помощи, определены причины расширения масштабов их использования. Во втором разделе проведен сравнительный анализ порядка десяти ключевых инициатив XXI в. — с особым акцентом на отличии Президентской инициативы по возрождению демократии, запущенной на Саммите за демократию в декабре 2021 г. Дж. Байденом, от инициатив его предшественников. Сделан вывод, что подобный инструмент в последние десятилетия получил распространение вследствие как объективных, так и субъективных причин. С одной стороны, президенты стремились расширить пространство для маневра в вопросах программирования и бюджетирования помощи, изначально ограниченное законодательством и сузившееся еще больше в результате резкого увеличения числа целевых ассигнований в Конгрессе. С другой стороны, сказалась и беспрецедентная активность Дж. Буша-мл., с которой другим президентам приходилось соотносить свои действия. Однако запуск каждой инициативы был обусловлен уникальной комбинацией факторов, действовавших на индивидуальном, внутригосударственном и структурном уровнях. Это определило многообразие обстоятельств их появления, документального и институционального оформления — при сохранении, однако, ряда общих черт, таких как: 1) четкое обозначение финансовых параметров; 2) многолетняя перспектива; 3) подкрепление законами, распорядительными актами президента или документами стратегического планирования; 4) создание специальных координирующих структур. При этом чем выше изначально был статус последних и четче их мандат, тем более эффективно реализовывались сами инициативы. Запуск Дж. Байденом уже в первый год правления собственной Президентской инициативы по возрождению демократии, объединяющей инструменты дипломатии и содействия развитию, подтверждает выявленную логику. Его стремление оставить след в истории определило выбор тематического профиля, более всего отражающего его идейно-политические взгляды и представления о стержневом противостоянии эпохи. В то же время инициатива Дж. Байдена кардинально отличается от предшествующих во всех трех выделенных нами измерениях как обстоятельствами запуска, так и отсутствием (по крайней мере, на данный момент) полноценного документального или институционального оформления. В этой связи вероятность оказания данной инициативой значимого, долговременного влияния на политику США как донора не следует переоценивать.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Exploration of bibliography on the U.S. foreign policy reveals a striking and inexplicable lack of scholarly attention to such an interesting phenomenon, as presidential foreign aid initiatives. Such initiatives are studied exclusively in the context of a given administration’ policy but not as an element of the U.S. national system of foreign aid management. This paper is meant to fill this gaping niche. The first section defines a place of such initiatives among the presidential tools to influence foreign aid policies and the reasons behind their proliferation. The second section compares a dozen of the most prominent presidential initiatives of the XXI century — with a special focus on the differences between the most recent Presidential Initiative for Democratic Renewal, launched by Joseph Biden at the Summit for Democracy, and the initiatives of his predecessors. The conclusion is drawn that presidential initiatives have gained in significance over the last two decades due to objective as well as subjective factors. On the one hand, U.S. presidents sought to expand the room for maneuver in foreign aid programming and budgeting, which had been very limited from the very beginning due to the legal constraints and which had contracted even further because of a quick proliferation of Congressional earmarks and directives. On the other hand, one should not underestimate the impact of an unprecedented activism of the George W. Bush that the last three U.S. presidents had to keep in mind in their own aid policies. However, the launch of each initiative was determined by a unique combination of factors operating at the individual, domestic and structural levels. This explains a great variety in circumstances surrounding their launch, documentary and institutional formalization, which did not preclude a number of key similarities: 1) determining the funding volume; 2) providing a long-term perspective; 3) supporting the initiative through authorization acts, presidential orders, memoranda/directives or strategic planning documents issued by the White House; 4) establishing new coordination units. The higher the status of these units and the clearer their mandates were, the more effectively the implementation process went. The launch of the Joseph Biden’s Presidential Initiative for Democratic Renewal — which combines diplomacy and development tools — at the end of his first year in office illustrates the role of the aforementioned factors. His intent to solidify his legacy predetermined the choice of a thematic profile for the first presidential initiative which would reflect his personal ideas and considerations about a pivotal confrontation of the epoch in the most explicit way. However, at least for the time being the Joseph Biden’s initiative stands out in all three main dimensions, which raises doubts about its potential to exert a systemic and long-term influence on the U.S. foreign assistance policies.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>США</kwd><kwd>международная помощь</kwd><kwd>содействие международному развитию</kwd><kwd>президентские инициативы</kwd><kwd>бюджетные ассигнования</kwd><kwd>администрация</kwd><kwd>Конгресс</kwd><kwd>бюджетирование</kwd><kwd>поддержка демократии</kwd><kwd>Дж. Буш-мл.</kwd><kwd>Б. Обама</kwd><kwd>Д. Трамп</kwd><kwd>Дж. Байден</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>United States</kwd><kwd>foreign assistance</kwd><kwd>international development cooperation</kwd><kwd>presidential initiatives</kwd><kwd>appropriations</kwd><kwd>administration</kwd><kwd>Congress</kwd><kwd>budgeting</kwd><kwd>democracy promotion</kwd><kwd>George W. Bush</kwd><kwd>Barack Obama</kwd><kwd>Donald Trump</kwd><kwd>Joseph Biden</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бартенев В.И. Особенности финансирования программ международной помощи при администрации Д. Трампа: от инаугурации до Украинагейта // Вестник Московского университета. Серия 25: Международные отношения и мировая политика. 2019. Т. 11. № 4. С. 68–113.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bartenev V.I. 2019. Osobennosti finansirovaniya programm mezhdunarodnoi pomoshchi pri administratsii D. 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