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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">fmp</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вестник Московского Университета. Серия XXV. Международные отношения и мировая политика</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Lomonosov World Politics Journal</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2076-7404</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Московский государственный университет имени М.В.Ломоносова</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.48015/2076-7404-2022-14-2-109-147</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">fmp-139</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>США и энергетический переход XXI века: меры по преодолению зависимости от КНР в сфере критических минералов</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>The USA and the energy transition of the 21st century: Measures to overcome dependence on China in critical minerals</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бирюкова</surname><given-names>Н. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Biryukova</surname><given-names>N. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Бирюкова Надежда Андреевна — преподаватель кафедры международной безопасности факультета мировой политики</p><p>119991, Москва, Ленинские горы, 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Nadezhda A. Biryukova — Lecturer at the Chair of International Security, School of World Politics</title><p>1, Leninskie Gory, Moscow, Russia, 119991</p></sec></bio><email xlink:type="simple">nadezhda.a.biryukova@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Московский государственный университет имени М.В. Ломоносова»</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Lomonosov Moscow State University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>18</day><month>10</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>14</volume><issue>2</issue><elocation-id>109–147</elocation-id><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Бирюкова Н.А., 2022</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Бирюкова Н.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Biryukova N.А.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://fmp.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/139">https://fmp.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/139</self-uri><abstract><p>С середины 2010-х годов международное сообщество в лице прежде всего наиболее развитых стран стало уделять повышенное внимание проблеме снижения углеродного следа в окружающей среде посредством более широкого внедрения возобновляемых источников энергии, электрификации транспорта и обеспечения экологически приемлемого промышленного производства. Соединенные Штаты Америки стремятся стать лидерами намечающегося энергетического перехода, для чего уже приняли комплекс мер, направленных на стимулирование инновационного технологического развития. Достижение этой амбициозной цели невозможно без обеспечения стабильного доступа к так называемым критическим минералам. Однако здесь США сталкиваются с растущей конкуренцией со стороны КНР. С начала 2000-х годов Китай смог сконцентрировать на своей территории глобальные производственные мощности, получить доступ к ключевым добывающим центрам за рубежом и стать практически монополистом на рынках критических минералов. Это в свою очередь ставит правительство Соединенных Штатов перед настоятельной необходимостью выработки мер по преодолению зависимости от КНР в данной сфере. Автором обозначены факторы, которые актуализировали и политизировали проблематику критических минералов в международных отношениях в последние годы и в итоге привели к ее секьюритизации в американском официальном дискурсе при Д. Трампе, что выразилось, в частности, в появлении концепции «минеральной безопасности». Проведен сравнительный анализ подходов администраций Д. Трампа и Дж. Байдена к преодолению зависимости от КНР в сфере критических минералов и выявлены ключевые направления актуальной стратегии США в этой области. Показано, что если администрация Д. Трампа отдавала приоритет стимулированию внутренней добычи критических минералов, то команда Байдена‒Харрис во многом под давлением местных сообществ и экологических групп решила сделать акцент на развитии обрабатывающего и производственного секторов. Как отмечает автор, США, не имея возможности в текущих условиях оспорить практически монопольное положение КНР как производителя и поставщика критических минералов рыночными методами, стремятся использовать в качестве инструмента конкуренции правозащитную риторику. Воплощением этого курса стала Инициатива по управлению энергетическими ресурсами, направленная на продвижение высоких экологических и социальных стандартов в мировом добывающем секторе. С ее помощью Соединенные Штаты рассчитывают при поддержке своих союзников потеснить КНР на сырьевых рынках. Тем не менее автор заключает, что в краткосрочной перспективе Вашингтону не удастся полностью устранить зависимость от импорта критических минералов из КНР. Что касается более амбициозных долгосрочных целей США, то и их достижение представляется сейчас проблематичным как в силу накопленного Китаем производственного потенциала, так и по причине недостаточных объемов финансирования программ развития возобновляемой энергетики.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Since the middle of 2010s, international community (developed economies primarily) has been paying increasing attention to the reduction of carbon footprint in the environment by means of large-scale deployment of renewable energy, electrification of transport system and sustainable production of goods. Aspiring to become a global leader of energy transition, the United States of America has already taken a set of measures to stimulate technological growth. Such a challenging task cannot be accomplished without a guaranteed access to the so-called critical minerals. However, the US has encountered growing competition from China in this field. From the beginning of 2000s, China has amassed within its territory a dominant share of global production of critical minerals, acquired access to key foreign extraction centers and thus become virtually a monopolist in the markets. Hence the United States government urgently needs to devise measures to overcome the dependence from China in this regard. The author of the article dwells on the factors which have made the issue of critical minerals (as a recent development of international relations) relevant and politically charged. In its turn, it has led to the securitization of the subject in American official discourse during Trump administration which manifested itself in the ‘mineral security’ concept. The article contains comparative analysis of Trump and Biden administration approaches to navigating the country out of the dependence from China for critical minerals; it also identifies key focus areas of the current US mineral strategy. Respective analysis indicates that Trump administration prioritized bolstering domestic extraction capacity, whereas Biden-Harris administration underscores processing and production segments, mostly due to the pressure from local communities and environmental groups. The author stresses that the Unites States, being unable to contest China’s monopoly as producer and supplier of critical minerals with market instruments, tends to employ human rights discourse to compete with its rival. The ultimate expression of such an approach is Energy Resource Governance Initiative which has been designed to foster high ecological and social standards in global extraction sector. Relying on its partners, the United States intends to use the program to challenge China in commodity markets. The author concludes that despite the effort Washington won’t be able to rid itself of the dependence for Chinese imports in the near future. As for the long-term goals, their achievement is complicated due to both China’s production capacity and experience and insufficient government funding of renewable energy projects in the United States.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>США</kwd><kwd>Китай</kwd><kwd>энергетический переход</kwd><kwd>критические минералы</kwd><kwd>редкоземельные минералы</kwd><kwd>секьюритизация</kwd><kwd>безуглеродная энергетика</kwd><kwd>минеральная безопасность</kwd><kwd>Энергетический акт</kwd><kwd>Дж. Байден</kwd><kwd>Д. Трамп</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>USA</kwd><kwd>China</kwd><kwd>energy transition</kwd><kwd>critical minerals</kwd><kwd>rare earth minerals</kwd><kwd>securitization</kwd><kwd>carbon-free energy</kwd><kwd>mineral security</kwd><kwd>Energy Act</kwd><kwd>J. Biden</kwd><kwd>D. 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