<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">fmp</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вестник Московского Университета. Серия XXV. Международные отношения и мировая политика</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Lomonosov World Politics Journal</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2076-7404</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Московский государственный университет имени М.В.Ломоносова</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.48015/2076-7404-2022-14-3-11-51</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">fmp-145</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Советская Россия/CCCР и трансформация системы международных отношений в первой половине 1920-х годов</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Soviet Russia/the USSR and transformation of the international relations system in the first half of the 1920s</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Романова</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Romanova</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Романова Екатерина Владимировна — кандидат исторических наук, доцент кафедры новой и новейшей истории исторического факультета, междисциплинарная научно-образовательная школа Московского университета «Сохранение мирового культурно-исторического наследия»</p><p>119991, Москва, ул. Ленинские горы, 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ekaterina V. Romanova — PhD (History), Associate Professor at the Department of Modern and Contemporary History, Interdisciplinary Scientific and Educational School of Moscow University ‘Preservation of the World Cultural and Historical Heritage’ </p><p>1 Leninskie Gory, Moscow, 119991</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ekaterinavlromanova@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Московский государственный университет имени М.В. Ломоносова»</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Lomonosov Moscow State University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>27</day><month>11</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>14</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>11</fpage><lpage>51</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Романова Е.В., 2022</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Романова Е.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Romanova E.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://fmp.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/145">https://fmp.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/145</self-uri><abstract><p>В статье рассматриваются образование Советского государства и его место в системе европейских отношений в первой половине 1920-х годов в контексте изменений в принципах межгосударственного взаимодействия, характере экономических взаимосвязей между странами, а также в условиях геополитических трансформаций, порожденных Первой мировой войной. В первом разделе проанализированы политико-идеологические аспекты отношений Советской России/CCCР с западными странами. Автор заключает, что при большом значении идеологического конфликта в развитии сложившейся по итогам Первой мировой войны системы международных отношений сохранение противоречий между побежденными и победителями, а также в рядах победивших государств приводило к тому, что даже в условиях пребывания у власти большевиков мысль о рассмотрении Советской России как ситуативного партнера допускалась в политических и военных кругах западных стран. Важным фактором, обусловившим различие в восприятии западными государственными деятелями значимости идеологического конфликта с Советской Россией, а затем и с СССР, были разные оценки перспектив эволюции советского режима и степени приверженности советского руководства проведению внешней политики на классовой основе. Второй раздел статьи посвящен оценке места Советского государства в планах реконструкции европейской экономики после Первой мировой войны. Если крупнейшие европейские страны, прежде всего Великобритания и Германия, были заинтересованы в вовлечении СССР в торгово-экономические взаимосвязи, открывавшем перспективу использования его ресурсов для восстановления собственных экономик, а в случае Великобритании — и довоенной системы международных обменов, а также в эволюции советского строя в направлении капитализма, то советское руководство рассматривало доступ к европейскому рынку в качестве необходимого условия индустриализации страны, которая была призвана стать залогом ее выживания во враждебном капиталистическом окружении. Выдвинув в ходе революции проект трансформации всей системы международных отношений, Советская Россия была не в силах его осуществить и превращалась в державу статус-кво. Вместе с тем восприятие, часто небезосновательное, враждебности со стороны западного мира, стремление сохранить свой уникальный социально-экономический строй удерживали Москву от попыток сколько-нибудь глубокой интеграции с существовавшей на тот момент Версальской системой. Руководство стран Запада при всех различиях своей политики на восточноевропейском направлении, разочаровавшись в перспективах эволюции советского режима, несмотря на юридическое признание СССР, демонстрировало отчужденность по отношению к нему. Невозможность предсказать путь дальнейшего развития СССР и в полной мере контролировать ситуацию в Восточной Европе, а также определенное разочарование в результатах экономического взаимодействия стали важными факторами, побудившими ведущую из европейских держав — Великобританию — встать на путь разработки системы европейской безопасности без СССР, что воплотилось в Локарнских соглашениях 1925 г.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The paper examines the formation of the Soviet state and its place within the European international relations system in the first half of the 1920s both in the context of new principles of interstate interaction, the character of economic relations between countries, and geopolitical transformations triggered by the First World War. The first section covers the political and ideological aspects of relations between Soviet Russia/the USSR and Western countries. The author shows that, despite the prominence of ideological conflict in the development of the IR system that emerged after the First World War, continuous tensions both between the defeated and the victors and among the latter urged the political and military elites of Western states to consider the Soviet Russia as a situational partner even under the Bolsheviks rule. The difference in the assessments of the ideological conflict with Soviet Russia, and then with the USSR by Western statesmen stemmed from the difference in their assessments of the prospects for the evolution of the Soviet regime, as well as of the commitment of the Soviet leaders to the idea of the world revolution. The second section of the paper focuses on the role that was assigned to the Soviet state in various plans for the European economy reconstruction after the First World War. While the largest European states, Great Britain and Germany in particular, were interested in involving the Soviet state in the system of trade and economic relations (to get access to its resources in order to restore their own economies, and to open up the prospect of transforming the Soviet system towards capitalism), the Soviet leaders considered access to the European market as a necessary condition for the industrialization which was seen as the key to survival of the first socialist state in a hostile capitalist environment. In this regard the author notes that although Soviet Russia advocated for the revolutionary transformation of the entire IR system, she was unable to enforce it and eventually turned into a status quo power. However, the awareness of hostility by the Western world and the desire to preserve its unique socio-economic order, kept Moscow from attempts to integrate deeply into the Versailles system. In turn, the Western leaders, for all the differences in their approaches towards the Eastern European region and despite de facto recognition of the USSR demonstrated the growing alienation towards the Soviet regime as they became disillusioned with the prospects for its possible transition. This inability to predict the future development of the USSR, as well as to control the situation in Eastern Europe in general were among the factors that instigated the leading European power — Great Britain — to devise a scheme of the European security system without the USSR, which was embodied in the Locarno agreements of 1925.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>образование СССР</kwd><kwd>внешняя политика СССР</kwd><kwd>Версальская система</kwd><kwd>мирное сосуществование</kwd><kwd>советско-английские отношения</kwd><kwd>советско-германские отношения</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>formation of the USSR</kwd><kwd>Soviet foreign policy</kwd><kwd>Versailles system</kwd><kwd>peaceful coexistence</kwd><kwd>Anglo-Soviet relations</kwd><kwd>Soviet-German relations</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено при финансовой поддержке РФФИ и Национального научного фонда Болгарии № 20-59-18007.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The research has been accomplished with a financial support from the Russian Foundation for Basic Research and the National Science Foundation of Bulgaria, project No. 20-59-18007.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ахтамзян А.А. Советско-германские экономические отношения в 1922–1932 // Новая и новейшая история. 1988. № 4. С. 42–56.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Akhtamzyan A.A. 1988. Sovetsko-germanskie ekonomicheskie otnosheniya v 1922–1932 [Soviet-German economic relations in 1922–1932]. Modern and Contemporary History, no. 4, pp. 42–56. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Быстрова Н.Е. «Русский вопрос» в 1917 — начале 1920 г.: Советская Россия и великие державы. М.: Институт российской истории РАН, Центр гуманитарных инициатив, 2016.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bystrova N.E. 2016. ‘Russkii vopros’ v 1917 — nachale 1920 g.: Sovetskaya Rossiya i velikie derzhavy [The Russian question in 1917 — early 1920: Soviet Russia and the great powers]. Moscow, Institut rossiiskoi istorii RAN, Tsentr gumanitarnykh initsiativ Publ. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ватлин А.Ю. Коминтерн: идеи, решения, судьбы. М.: РОССПЭН, 2009.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vatlin A.Yu. 2009. Komintern: idei, resheniya, sud’by [Comintern: Ideas, decisions, fates]. Moscow, ROSSPEN Publ. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Война, революция, мир. Россия в международных отношениях. 1915–1925 / Под ред. А.В. Ревякина. М.: Аспект Пресс, 2019.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Revyakin A.V. (ed.). 2019. Voina, revolyutsiya, mir. Rossiya v mezhdunarodnykh otnosheniyakh. 1915–1925 [War, revolution, peace. Russia in international relations. 1915–1925]. Moscow, Aspekt Press Publ. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Враг, противник, союзник? Россия во внешней политике Франции в 1917–1924 гг. / Отв. ред. А.Ю. Павлов. Т. 1–2. СПб.: РХГА, 2021.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pavlov A.Yu. (ed.). 2021. Vrag, protivnik, soyuznik? Rossiya vo vneshnei politike Frantsii v 1917–1924 gg. [Enemy, friend, ally? Russia in the French foreign policy in 1917–1924]. Vols. 1–2. St. Petersburg, RKhGA Publ. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Всемирная история: В 6 т. Т. 6. Мир в XX веке: эпоха глобальных трансформаций: Кн. 1 / Отв. ред. А.О. Чубарьян. М.: Наука, 2017.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chubar’yan A.O. (ed.). 2017. Vsemirnaya istoriya. Tom 6: Mir v XX veke: epokha global’nykh transformatsii: Kniga 1 [World history. Vol. 6: World in the 20th century. The age of global transformations: Book 1]. Moscow, Nauka Publ. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гросул В.Я. Образование СССР (1917–1924 гг.). М.: Издательство ИТРК, 2012.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grosul V.Ya. 2012. Obrazovanie SSSR (1917–1924 gg.) [The creation of the USSR (1917–1924)]. Moscow, ITRK Publ. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Драгилев М.С. Общий кризис капитализма. М.: Госполитиздат, 1957.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dragilev M.S. 1957. Obshchii krizis kapitalizma [General crisis of capitalism]. Moscow, Gospolitizdat Publ. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кагарлицкий Б.Ю. Периферийная империя: циклы русской истории. М.: Алгоритм, 2009.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kagarlitskii B.Yu. 2009. Periferiinaya imperiya: tsikly russkoi istorii [The Empire of the periphery: Cycles of Russian history]. Moscow, Algoritm Publ. 2009. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кен О., Рупасов А. Политбюро ЦК ВКП(б) и отношения СССР с западными соседними государствами (конец 1920—1930-х гг.). Проблемы. Документы. Опыт комментария. Ч. 1. Декабрь 1928 — июнь 1934 г. СПб.: Европейский Дом, 2000.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ken O., Rupasov A. 2000. Politbyuro TsK VKP(b) i otnosheniya SSSR s zapadnymi sosednimi gosudarstvami (konets 1920–1930-kh gg.): Problemy. Dokumenty. Opyt kommentariya. Chast’ 1. Dekabr’ 1928 — iyun’ 1934 g. [Political bureau of the Central Committee of the Bolsheviks party and relations of the USSR with Western neighboring states (late 1920s — 1930s): Issues, documents, commentary. Part 1. December 1928 — June 1934]. St. Petersburg, Evropeiskii Dom Publ. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ленин В.И. Империализм как высшая стадия капитализма (популярный очерк) // Ленин В.И. Полн. собр. соч. 5-е изд. Т. 27. М.: Госполитиздат, 1969. С. 299–426.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lenin V.I. 1969. Imperializm, kak vysshaya stadiya kapitalizma [Imperialism as the highest stage of capitalism]. In: Lenin V.I. Collected works, 5th ed. Moscow, Gospolitizdat Publ., vol. 27, pp. 299–426. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Магадеев И.Э. В тени Первой мировой войны: дилеммы европейской безопасности в 1920-е годы. М.: Аспект Пресс, 2021.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Magadeev I.E. 2021. V teni Pervoi mirovoi voiny: dilemmy evropeiskoi bezopasnosti v 1920-e gody [In the shadow of the First World War: Dilemmas of the European security in the 1920s]. Moscow, Aspekt Press Publ. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Магадеев И.Э. «Вторая тридцатилетняя война» 1914–1945 гг.? О некоторых особенностях развития международных отношений в Европе на пути ко Второй мировой войне // Вестник Московского университета. Сер. 25: Международные отношения и мировая политика. 2014. № 4. С. 34–61.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Magadeev I.E. 2014. ‘Vtoraya tridtsatiletnyaya voina’ 1914–1945 gg.? O nekotorykh osobennostyakh razvitiya mezhdunarodnykh otnoshenii v Evrope na puti ko Vtoroi mirovoi voine [Second Thirty Years War of 1914–1945? Some features of international relations on the way to the Second World War]. Moscow University Bulletin of World Politics, no. 4, pp. 34–61. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Магадеев И.Э. Роль стран Балтии в советско-французских отношениях периода непризнания, 1919–1924 гг. // Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: История России. 2022. Т. 21. № 2. С. 161–176. DOI: 10.22363/2312-8674-2022-21-2-161-176.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Magadeev I.E. 2022. Rol’ stran Baltii v sovetsko-frantsuzskikh otnosheniyakh perioda nepriznaniya, 1919–1924 gg. [Role of the Baltic republics in Soviet-French relations during the non-recognition period, 1919–1924]. RUDN Journal of Russian History, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 161–176. DOI: 10.22363/2312-8674-2022-21-2-161-176. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Матвеев Г.Ф., Матвеева Е.Ю. Рецензия на: Мезга Н.Н. Советскопольские отношения 1921–1926 годов: новый этап противостояния. Гомель, 2019 // Славяноведение. 2020. № 3. С. 129–131. DOI: 10.31857/S0869544X0009522-7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Matveev G.F., Matveeva E.Yu. 2020. Retsenziya na Mezga N.N. Sovetskopol’skie otnosheniya 1921–1926 godov: novyi etap protivostoyaniya. Gomel’, 2019 [Book review of Mezga N.N. Soviet-Polish relations of 1921–1926: A new stage of confrontation. Gomel, 2019]. Slavyanovedenie, no. 3, pp. 129–131. DOI: 10.31857/S0869544X0009522-7. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Муханов В.М. Кавказ в переломную эпоху (1917–1921). М.: Модест Колеров, 2019.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mukhanov V.M. 2019. Kavkaz v perelomnuyu epokhu (1917–1921) [Caucasus at a turning point (1917–1921)]. Moscow, Modest Kolerov Publ. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Нежинский Л.Н. В интересах народа или вопреки им? Советская международная политика в 1917–1933 годах. М.: Наука, 2004.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nezhinskii L.N. 2004. V interesakh naroda ili vopreki im? Sovetskaya mezhdunarodnaya politika v 1917–1933 godakh [In the interests of the people or against them? Soviet international politics in 1917–1933]. Moscow, Nauka Publ. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Нежинский Л.Н. У истоков большевистско-унитарной внешней политики (1921–1923 гг.) // Отечественная история. 1994. № 1. С. 89–105.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nezhinskii L.N. 1994. U istokov bol’shevistsko-unitarnoi vneshnei politiki (1921–1923 gg.) [At the origins of the Bolshevist unitarian policy (1921–1925]. Otechestvennaya istoriya, no. 1, pp. 89–105. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Первая мировая война и судьбы европейской цивилизации / Отв. ред. Л.С. Белоусов, А.С. Маныкин. М.: Издательство Московского университета, 2014.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Belousov L.S., Manykin A.S. (eds.). 2014. Pervaya mirovaya voina i sud’by evropeiskoi tsivilizatsii [First World War and the destinies of the European civilization]. Moscow, Izdatel’stvo Moskovskogo universiteta Publ. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Родин Д.В. Проекты «новых Локарно» в англо-германских отношениях во второй половине 1920-х годов: Дисс. … канд. ист. наук. М., 2021.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rodin D.V. 2021. Proekty ‘novykh Lokarno’ v anglo-germanskikh otnosheniyakh vo vtoroi polovine 1920-kh godov [‘New Locarno’ projects in Anglo-German relations in the second half of the 1920s]. PhD Thesis. Moscow (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Сергеев Е.Ю. Большевики и англичане. Советско-британские отношения, 1918–1924 гг.: от интервенции к признанию. СПб.: Наука, 2019.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sergeev E.Yu. 2019. Bol’sheviki i anglichane. Sovetsko-britanskie otnosheniya, 1918–1924 gg.: ot interventsii k priznaniyu. [The Bolsheviks and the British. Soviet-British relations, 1918–1924: From intervention to recognition]. St. Petersburg, Nauka Publ. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Сетов Р.А. Тектоника войны. 1939 год. М.: МАКС Пресс, 2019.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Setov R.A. 2019. Tektonika voiny. 1939 god [Tectonics of the war. 1939]. Moscow, MAKS Press, 2019. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Туз А. Всемирный потоп. Великая война и переустройство мирового порядка, 1916–1931. М.: Издательство Института Гайдара, 2019.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tooze A. 2014. The deluge. The Great War and the remaking of global order, 1916–1931. London, Allen Lane [Russ. ed.: Tuz A. 2019. Vsemirnyi potop. Velikaya voina i pereustroistvo mirovogo poryadka, 1916–1931. Moscow, Izdatel’stvo Instituta Gaidara].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Хормач И.А. Советское государство на международных форумах 1920–1930-х гг. М.: Институт российской истории РАН, Центр гуманитарных инициатив, 2020.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khormach I.A. 2020. Sovetskoe gosudarstvo na mezhdunarodnykh forumakh 1920–1930-kh gg. [Soviet state at international conferences, 1920–1930s]. Moscow, Institut rossiiskoi istorii RAN, Tsentr gumanitarnykh initsiativ Publ. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Худолей К.К. Балтийский нейтралитет и советский фактор в 1920– 1930-е годы // Вестник Санкт-Петербургского университета. 2012. Серия 6. Вып. 3. С. 88–102.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khudolei K.K. 2012. Baltiiskii neitralitet i sovetskii faktor v 1920–1930-e gody [Neutrality of the Baltic states and the Soviet factor in 1920–1930s]. Vestnik Sankt-Peterburgskogo universiteta, ser. 6, iss. 3, pp. 88–102. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шишкин В.А. О внешнем факторе социально-экономического развития страны // Вопросы истории. 1988. № 9. С. 28–32.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shishkin V.A. 1988. O vneshnem faktore sotsial’no-ekonomicheskogo razvitiya strany [On the external factor of socio-economic development of the country]. Voprosy istorii, no. 9, pp. 28–32. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шишкин В.А. Становление внешней политики послереволюционной России (1917–1930 годы) и капиталистический мир: от революционного «западничества» к «национал-большевизму». Очерк истории. СПб: Дмитрий Буланин, 2002.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shishkin V.A. 2002. Stanovlenie vneshnei politiki poslerevolyutsionnoi Rossii (1917–1930 gody) i kapitalisticheskii mir: ot revolyutsionnogo ‘zapadnichestva’ k ‘natsional-bol’shevizmu’ [The formation of foreign policy of post-revolutionary Russia (1917–1930) and the capitalist world: From the revolutionary ‘wester nism’ to ‘national-bolshevism’]. St. Petersburg, Dmitrii Bulanin Publ. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bakić D. ‘Must will peace’: The British brokering of ‘Central European’ and ‘Balkan Locarno’, 1925–9 // Journal of Contemporary History. 2013. Vol. 48. No. 1. P. 24–56. DOI: 10.1177/0022009412461814.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bakić D. 2013. ‘Must will peace’: The British brokering of ‘Central European’ and ‘Balkan Locarno’, 1925–9. Journal of Contemporary History, vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 24–56. DOI: 10.1177/0022009412461814.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">The Cambridge economic history of modern Europe. Vol. 2. 1870 to the present / Ed. by S. Broadberry, K.H. O’Rourke. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Broadberry S., O’Rourke K.H. (eds.). 2010. The Cambridge economic history of modern Europe. Vol. 2. 1870 to the Present. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cameron J.D. To transform the revolution into an evolution: Underlying assumptions of German foreign policy toward Soviet Russia, 1919–27 // Journal of Contemporary History. 2005. Vol. 40. No. 1. P. 7–24.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cameron J.D. 2005. To transform the revolution into an evolution: Underlying assumptions of German foreign policy toward Soviet Russia, 1919–27. Journal of Contemporary History, vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 7–24.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Carley M.J. Episodes from the early Cold War: Franco-Soviet relations, 1917–1927 // Europe-Asia Studies. 2000. Vol. 52. No. 7. Р. 1275–1305. DOI: 10.1080/713663134.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Carley M.J. 2000. Episodes from the early Cold War: Franco-Soviet relations, 1917–1927. Europe-Asia Studies, vol. 52, no. 7, pp. 1275–1305. DOI: 10.1080/713663134.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Carley M.J. Silent conflict. A hidden history of early Soviet-Western relations. Lanham: Rowman &amp; Littlefield Publishers, 2014.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Carley M.J. 2014. Silent conflict. A hidden history of early Soviet-Western relations. Lanham, Rowman &amp; Littlefield Publishers.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Davis D., Trany E. The First Cold War: The legacy of Woodrow Wilson in U.S.–Soviet relations. Columbia, London: University of Missouri Press, 2002.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Davis D., Trany E. 2002. The First Cold War: The legacy of Woodrow Wilson in U.S.–Soviet relations. Columbia, London, University of Missouri Press.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Deutsch K.W., Singer J.D. Multipolar power systems and international // World Politics. 1964. Vol. 16. No. 3. Р. 390–406.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Deutsch K.W., Singer J.D. 1964. Multipolar power systems and international. World Politics, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 390–406.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dyck H.L. German-Soviet relations and the Anglo-Soviet break, 1927 // Slavic Review. 1966. Vol. 25. No. 1. P. 67–83.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dyck H.L. 1966. German-Soviet relations and the Anglo-Soviet break, 1927. Slavic Review, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 67–83.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gardner L.C. Safe for democracy. The Anglo-American response to Revolution, 1913–1923. New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gardner L.C. 1987. Safe for democracy. The Anglo-American response to revolution, 1913–1923. New York, Oxford, Oxford University Press.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hobsbawm E. Age of extremes. The short twentieth century 1914–1991. London: Abacus, 1995.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hobsbawm E. 1995. Age of extremes. The short twentieth century 1914–1991. London: Abacus.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jacobson J. When the Soviet Union entered world politics. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jacobson J. 1994. When the Soviet Union entered world politics. Berkeley, University of California Press.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kennan G.F. The decline of Bismarck’s European order: Franco-Russian relations, 1875–1890. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1979.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kennan G.F. 1979. The decline of Bismarck’s European order: FrancoRussian relations, 1875–1890. Princeton, N.J., Princeton University Press.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kennan G.F. Russia and the West under Lenin and Stalin. Boston, Toronto: Little, Brown and Co, 1961.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kennan G.F. 1961. Russia and the West under Lenin and Stalin. Boston, Toronto, Little, Brown and Co.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mayer A., Wilson vs Lenin, political origins of the new diplomacy, 1917–1918. Cleveland, New York: Meridian Books, 1963.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mayer A. 1963. Wilson vs Lenin, political origins of the new diplomacy, 1917–1918. Cleveland, New York, Meridian Books.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mazower M. Dark continent. Europe’s twentieth century. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1999.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mazower M. 1999. Dark continent. Europe’s twentieth century. New York, Alfred A. Knopf.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Morgan R.P. The political significance of the German-Soviet trade negotiations, 1922–5 // The Historical Journal. 1963. No. 2. P. 253–257.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Morgan R.P. 1963. The political significance of the German-Soviet trade negotiations, 1922–5. The Historical Journal, no. 2, pp. 253–257.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Motyl А. Sovietology, rationality, nationality: Coming to grips with nationalism in the USSR. New York: Columbia University Press, 1990.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Motyl А. 1990. Sovietology, rationality, nationality: Coming to grips with nationalism in the USSR. New York, Columbia University Press.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mulligan W. The great war for peace. New Haven, London: Yale University Press, 2014.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mulligan W. 2014. The great war for peace. New Haven, London, Yale University Press.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Orde A. British policy and European reconstruction after the First World War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Orde A. 1990. British policy and European reconstruction after the First World War. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schmitt K. Der Begriff des Politischen (1927) // Schmitt K. Posotionen und Begriffe im Kampf mit Weimar — Genf — Versailles 1923–1939. Hamburg: Hanseatische Verlagsanstalt, 1940. S. 67–74.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schmitt K. 1940a. Der Begriff des Politischen (1927). In: Schmitt K. Posotionen und Begriffe im Kampf mit Weimar — Genf — Versailles 1923-1939. Hamburg, Hanseatische Verlagsanstalt. S. 67–74.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schmitt K. Der Völkerbund von Europa (1928) // Schmitt K. Posotionen und Begriffe im Kampf mit Weimar — Genf — Versailles 1923–1939. Hamburg: Hanseatische Verlagsanstalt, 1940. S. 88–96.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schmitt K. 1940b. Der Völkerbund von Europa (1928). In: Schmitt K. Posotionen und Begriffe im Kampf mit Weimar — Genf — Versailles 1923-1939. Hamburg, Hanseatische Verlagsanstalt, S. 88–96.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Skidelsky R. John Maynard Keynes, 1883–1946: Economist, philosopher, statesman. New York: Penguin Books, 1999.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Skidelsky R. 1999. John Maynard Keynes 1883–1946: Economist, philosopher, statesman. New York, Penguin Books.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Smith А.L. The German general staff and Russia, 1919–1926 // Soviet Studies. 1956. Vol. 8. No. 2. P. 125–133.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Smith А.L. 1956. The German general staff and Russia, 1919–1926. Soviet Studies, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 125–133.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit51"><label>51</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tooze A. The Deluge. The Great War and the remaking of global order, 1916–1931. London: Allen Lane, 2014.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tooze A. 2014. The deluge. The Great War and the remaking of global order, 1916–1931. London, Allen Lane.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit52"><label>52</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ullman R.H. Anglo-Soviet relations, 1917–1921. Vol. 3. The Anglo-Soviet accord. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1972.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ullman R.H. 1972. Anglo-Soviet relations, 1917–1921. Vol. 3. The AngloSoviet accord. Princeton, N.J., Princeton University Press.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
