<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">fmp</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вестник Московского Университета. Серия XXV. Международные отношения и мировая политика</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Lomonosov World Politics Journal</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2076-7404</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Московский государственный университет имени М.В.Ломоносова</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">fmp-19</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ИСТОРИЯ МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫХ ОТНОШЕНИЙ И ВНЕШНЕЙ ПОЛИТИКИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND FOREIGN POLICY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Из истории становления корпоративного наемничества: секретная операция Великобритании в Северном Йемене в 1960-е годы</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>From the History of Corporate Mercenarism: British Clandestine Operation in the North Yemen in 1960s</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Небольсина</surname><given-names>М. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Nebolsina</surname><given-names>M. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Небольсина Мария Александровна — кандидат политических наук, научный сотрудник Центра евро-атлантической безопасности</p><p>119454, Москва, пр-т Вернадского, 76</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Mariya A. Nebolsina — PhD (Political Science), Research Fellow at the Center for Euro-Atlantic Security of International Studies Institute</p><p>76, Prospect Vernadskogo, Moscow, 119454</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">nebolsinama@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Ф едеральное государственное автономное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Московский государственный институт международных отношений (университет) Министерства иностранных дел Российской Федерации»<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Moscow State Institute of International Relations (University)<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2019</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>18</day><month>11</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>11</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>40</fpage><lpage>76</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Небольсина М.А., 2020</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Небольсина М.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Nebolsina M.A.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://fmp.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/19">https://fmp.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/19</self-uri><abstract><p>События, произошедшие в Йемене в 60-е годы ХХ в., вышли за рамки рядового государственного переворота и внутриполитического кризиса, связанного со сменой власти, и коснулись интересов различных внешних участников, в частности Великобритании. Ответная реакция британского правительства на угрозу своим стратегическим интересам в регионе носила весьма специфический характер и приобрела форму секретной операции, проводимой силами наемников. Само по себе использование наемников для неофициального решения некоторых внешнеполитических задач не было чем-то новым в современной мировой истории, однако события в Йемене выделяются на этом фоне особым размахом и амбициозностью целей: впервые в послевоенный период такого рода кампания была полностью реализована силами наемников. Неудивительно, что данная секретная операция Великобритании сыграла особую роль в становлении и последующем развитии корпоративного наемничества в целом.</p><p>В первой части статьи подробно рассмотрены причины и предпосылки, обусловившие вмешательство Великобритании в гражданскую войну в Северном Йемене, включая региональный и глобальный контекст. Во второй части освещен начальный этап наемнической операции: ее цели и задачи, основные формы использования наемников для поддержки сил роялистов, влияние на ход военных действий и механизмы финансирования. Много внимания уделено позиции ключевых региональных игроков, которые непосредственно участвовали в описываемых событиях, поддерживая республиканское правительство (Египет) либо, наоборот, сторонников свергнутой монархии (Саудовская Аравия, Израиль). Наконец, в третьей части рассмотрена деятельность наемников на завершающих этапах гражданской войны в Северном Йемене, в частности, описаны трудности, с которыми они сталкивались по мере того, как правительства Великобритании и Саудовской Аравии теряли интерес к поддержке роялистских сил. В заключительной части автор анализирует, как данная секретная операция Лондона повлияла на становление системы корпоративного наемничества в последующие годы.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The situation in Yemen in the 1960s went far beyond an ordinary public upheaval and internal crisis. The turmoil caused by the political regime change affected the interests of numerous foreign stakeholders, in particular, of Great Britain. The response of the British government to a new threat to its strategic interests in the region took form of a mercenary operation. An unofficial use of mercenaries for clandestine operations was not an extraordinary measure in the modern world history. However, the British operation in Yemen stands out in that regard as it was for the first time since the end of the World War II that such mission was carried out by mercenaries alone. It is therefore not surprising that this operation has played a crucial role in the development of corporate mercenarism in general.</p><p>The first section examines the causes and triggers of Great Britain’s intervention in the North Yemen Civil War in both global and regional contexts. The second section covers the initial stage of the mercenary operation: its priorities and objectives, funding mechanisms, the main forms and the role of mercenaries’ assistance to the Royalist forces. The author also emphasizes the role of regional actors, involved in the conflict on both sides: that of the Republican government (Egypt) and that of the former royal regime (Saudi Arabia, Israel). Finally, the third section examines the mercenary activities in the final stages of the North Yemen Civil War, particularly difficulties they faced as the British and the Saudi governments began to lose interest in supporting the Royalists. In conclusion the author assesses the influence of this operation on the development of corporate mercenarism.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Йемен</kwd><kwd>Великобритания</kwd><kwd>Египет</kwd><kwd>Израиль</kwd><kwd>США</kwd><kwd>Саудовская Аравия</kwd><kwd>СССР</kwd><kwd>ООН</kwd><kwd>наемники</kwd><kwd>секретные операции</kwd><kwd>частные военные компании</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Yemen</kwd><kwd>the United Kingdom</kwd><kwd>Egypt</kwd><kwd>Israel</kwd><kwd>the USA</kwd><kwd>Saudi Arabia</kwd><kwd>the USSR</kwd><kwd>the UN</kwd><kwd>mercenaries</kwd><kwd>covert operations</kwd><kwd>private security companies</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Айдарбеков Ч.А. Правовой статус наемника: проблемы законодательного регулирования // Управленческое консультирование. 2016. № 4. С. 48–60.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aidarbekov Ch.A. 2016. Pravovoi status naemnika: problemy zakonodatel’nogo regulirovaniya [The legal status of the mercenary: Problems of legislative regulation]. Upravlencheskoe konsul’tirovanie, no. 4, pp. 48–60. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Аль-Джабери А.М. Формирование политических партий в Йемене // Динамика политических систем и международных отношений. Вып. 1. Казань: Казанский государственный университет им. В.И. Ульянова-Ленина, 2006. С. 234–244.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Al’-Dzhaberi A.M. 2006. Formirovanie politicheskikh partii v Iemene [Establishment of political parties in Yemen]. Dinamika politicheskikh sistem i mezhdunarodnykh otnoshenii [Dynamics of political systems and international relations]. Iss. 1. Kazan’, pp. 234–244. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Астафьев Ю.Н. Наемничество — преступное орудие колониалистской политики // Советское государство и право. 1978. № 11. С. 113–117.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Astaf’ev Yu.N. 1978. Naemnichestvo — prestupnoe orudie kolonialistskoi politiki [Mercenarism — a criminal instrument of colonial policy]. Sovetskoe gosudarstvo i pravo, no. 11, pp. 113–117. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Блищенко И.П., Жданов Н.В. Наемничество – международное преступление // Советский ежегодник международного права. М.: Наука, 1980. С. 146–160.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Blishchenko I.P., Zhdanov N.V. 1980. Naemnichestvo — mezhdunarodnoe prestuplenie [Mercenarism as an international crime]. Sovetskii ezhegodnik mezhdunarodnogo prava. Moscow, Nauka Publ., pp. 146–160. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Валькова Л.В., Котлов Л.Н. Южный Йемен. М.: Мысль, 1973.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Val’kova L.V., Kotlov L.N. 1973. Yuzhnyi Iemen [South Yemen]. Moscow, Mysl’ Publ. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Вейнер Т. ЦРУ. Правдивая история. М.: Центрполиграф, 2013.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Weiner T. 2011. Legacy of ashes: The history of the CIA. London, Penguin [Russ. ed.: Veiner T. 2013. TsRU. Pravdivaya istoriya. Moscow, Tsentrpoligraf Publ.].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Волеводз А.Г. О международных инициативах в сфере правового регулирования деятельности частных военных и охранных компаний // Международное уголовное право и международная юстиция. 2009. № 1. С. 12–17.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Volevodz A.G. 2009. O mezhdunarodnykh initsiativakh v sfere pravovogo regulirovaniya deyatel’nosti chastnykh voennykh i okhrannykh kompanii [On the international initiatives regarding legal regulation of private military and security companies]. Mezhdunarodnoe ugolovnoe pravo i mezhdunarodnaya yustitsiya, no. 1, pp. 12–17. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Волеводз А.Г. Проблемы, принципы и перспективы международно-правового регулирования деятельности частных военных и охранных предприятий // Вестник МГИМО-Университета. 2010. № 3 (12). С. 78–88.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Volevodz A.G. 2010. Problemy, printsipy i perspektivy mezhdunarodno-pravovogo regulirovaniya deyatel’nosti chastnykh voennykh i okhrannykh predpriyatii [Issues, principles and perspectives of international regulation of private military and security organizations]. MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 3 (12), pp. 78–88. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Воробьев В.П. Политическая и государственная система Народной Демократической Республики Йемен. М.: Наука, 1978.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vorob’ev V.P. 1978. Politicheskaya i gosudarstvennaya sistema Narodnoi Demokraticheskoi Respubliki Iemen [Political and state system of the People’s Democratic Republic of Yemen]. Moscow, Nauka Publ. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Герасимов О.Г. Йеменская революция. 1962–1975. М.: Наука, 1979.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gerasimov O.G. 1979. Iemenskaya revolyutsiya. 1962–1975 [Yemen revolution. 1962–1975]. Moscow, Nauka Publ. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Герасимов О.Г. Йеменские документы. М.: Наука, 1987.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gerasimov O.G. 1987. Iemenskie dokumenty [Yemeni documents]. Moscow, Nauka Publ. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Глазунова Е.Н. К вопросу о соотношении внутренних и внешних факторов в государственном перевороте в Иране 1953 г. // Вестник Московского университета. Серия 25: Международные отношения и мировая политика. 2015. № 3. С.169–207.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Glazunova E.N. 2015. K voprosu o sootnoshenii vnutrennikh i vneshnikh faktorov v gosudarstvennom perevorote v Irane 1953 g. [On the balance of internal and external factors in the 1953 Iranian coup d’etat]. Moscow University Bulletin of World Politics, no. 3, pp. 169–207. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Голубовская Е.К. Политическое развитие Йеменской Арабской Республики, 1962–1985 гг. М.: Наука, 1989.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Golubovskaya E.K. 1989. Politicheskoe razvitie Iemenskoi Arabskoi Respubliki, 1962–1985 gg. [Political development of Yemen Arab Republic, 1962–1985]. Moscow, Nauka Publ. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Дериглазова Л. К вопросу об эволюции феномена партизанской войны // Мировая экономика и международные отношения. 2009. № 4. С. 95–103.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Deriglazova L. 2009. K voprosu ob evolyutsii fenomena partizanskoi voiny [On the evolution of the guerilla warfare]. World Economy and International Relations, no. 4, pp. 95–103. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Иванов Е., Соколов Г. Голый шпион. Русская версия. Воспоминания агента ГРУ. М.: Кучково поле, 2009.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ivanov E., Sokolov G. 2009. Golyi shpion. Russkaya versiya. Vospominaniya agenta GRU [Naked spy. Russian version. Memories of GRU agent]. Moscow, Kuchkovo pole Publ. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Изъянов А.Д. Наемничество по международному и российскому уголовному праву / Отв. ред. А.А. Ашин. Калуга: Политоп, 2008.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Iz’yanov A.D. 2008. Naemnichestvo po mezhdunarodnomu i rossiiskomu ugolovnomu pravu [Merenarism in international and Russian criminal law]. Kaluga, Politop Publ. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Исаев В.А., Филоник А.О. Султанат Оман (очерк общественно-политического и социально-экономического развития). М.: Институт изучения Израиля и Ближнего Востока, Институт востоковедения РАН, 2001.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Isaev V.A., Filonik A.O. 2001. Sultanat Oman (ocherk obshchestvennopoliticheskogo i sotsial’no-ekonomicheskogo razvitiya) [The Sultanate of Oman (An essay on social-political and social-economic development)]. Moscow, IV RAN Publ. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">История Востока: В 6 т. Т. 6. Восток в новейший период (19452000 гг.) / Отв. ред. В.Я. Белокреницкий, В.В. Наумкин. М.: Вост. лит., 1995.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Belokrenitskii V.Ya, Naumkin V.V. (eds.). 1995. Istoriya Vostoka: V 6 tomakh [Oriental history in six volumes]. Moscow, Vost. lit. Publ. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Короткий Ф.В. Наемничество: уголовно-правовые и криминологические аспекты: Дисс. … канд. юрид. наук. Екатеринбург: Уральская юридическая государственная академия, 2009.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Korotkii F.V. 2009. Naemnichestvo: ugolovno-pravovye i kriminologicheskie aspekty [Mercenarism: Penal, legal and criminal aspects]. PhD Thesis. Ekaterinburg. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лавренов С., Попов И. Советский Союз в локальных войнах и конфликтах. М.: ACT; Астрель, 2003.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lavrenov S., Popov I. 2003. Sovetskii Soyuz v lokal’nykh voinakh i konfliktakh [The Soviet Union in local wars and conflicts]. Moscow, AST Publ. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Наумкин В.В. Национальный фронт в борьбе за независимость Южного Йемена и национальную демократию (1963–1969). М.: Наука, 1980.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Naumkin V.V. 1980. Natsional’nyi front v bor’be za nezavisimost’ Yuzhnogo Iemena i natsional’nuyu demokratiyu (1963–1969) [National front and the struggle for independence and national democracy in South Yemen (1963–1969)]. Moscow, Nauka Publ. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Небольсина М.А. Теоретические подходы к пониманию явления частных военных и охранных компаний // Мировая экономика и международные отношения. 2017. Т. 61. № 8. С. 24–36. DOI: 10.20542/0131-22272017-61-8-24-36.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nebol’sina M.A. 2017. Teoreticheskie podkhody k ponimaniyu yavleniya chastnykh voennykh i okhrannykh kompanii [Theoretical approach to understanding the nature of private military and security companies]. World Economy and International Relations, vol. 61, no. 8, pp. 24–36. DOI: 10.20542/0131-2227-201761-8-24-36. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Осипов K.Л. Ответственность за наемничество по российскому уголовному законодательству: Дисс. … канд. юрид. наук. Кисловодск: Северо-Осетинский государственный университет им. К. Хетагурова, 2003.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Osipov K.L. 2003. Otvetstvennost’ za naemnichestvo po rossiiskomu ugolovnomu zakonodatel’stvu [Penalization of mercenarism in the Russian criminal law]. PhD Thesis. Kislovodsk. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Пархоменко С.В., Литвинцев А.А. Понятие «наемник» в международном и российском уголовном законодательстве: сравнительно-правовой аспект // Сибирский юридический вестник. 2017. № 3. С. 60–65.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Parkhomenko S.V., Litvintsev A.A. 2017. Ponyatie ‘naemnik’ v mezhdunarodnom i rossiiskom ugolovnom zakonodatel’stve: sravnitel’no-pravovoi aspekt [Concept of ‘mercenary’ in Russian and international criminal law: Comparative law aspect]. Sibirskii yuridicheskii vestnik, no. 3, pp. 60–65. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Политика Англии на Ближнем и Среднем Востоке (1945–1966) / Отв. ред. Г.Л. Бондаревский. М.: Наука, 1966.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bondarevskii G.L. (ed.). 1966. Politika Anglii na Blizhnem i Srednem Vostoke (1945–1966) [British policy in the Near and Middle East (1945–1966)]. Moscow, Nauka Publ. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Полторак А. Наемничество под судом // Международная жизнь. 1976. № 9. С. 114–120.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Poltorak A. 1976. Naemnichestvo pod sudom [Mercenarism on trial]. Mezhdunarodnaya zhizn’, no. 9, pp. 114–120. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Примаков Е.М. Страны Аравии и колониализм. М.: Госполитиздат, 1956.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Primakov E.M. 1956. Strany Aravii i kolonializm [Arabian countries and colonialism]. Moscow, Gospolitizdat Publ. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Примаков Е.М. Конфиденциально: Ближний Восток на сцене и за кулисами (вторая половина ХХ — начало XXI века). М.: ИИК «Российская газета», 2006.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Primakov E.M. 2006. Konfidentsial’no: Blizhnii Vostok na stsene i za kulisami (vtoraya polovina XX — nachalo XXI veka) [Classified: The Middle East on the stage and behind the curtains (second half of the XX — beginning of the XXI century)]. Moscow, Rossiiskaya gazeta Publ. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Россия (СССР) в войнах второй половины XX века. М.: Триадафарм, 2002.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rossiya (SSSR) v voinakh vtoroi poloviny XX veka. 2002 [Russia (USSR) in wars in the second half of the XX century]. Moscow, Triada-farm Publ. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Румянцев В.П. Политика США и Великобритании на Ближнем и Среднем Востоке в 1957–1964 гг.: Автореф. дисс. … д-ра ист. наук. Томск: Томский государственный университет, 2011.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rumyantsev V.P. 2011. Politika SShA i Velikobritanii na Blizhnem i Srednem Vostoke v 1957–1964 gg. [The policy of the US and Great Britain in the Near and Middle East in 1957–1964]. PhD Thesis. Tomsk. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Селезнев А.А. Ответственность за наемничество по французскому уголовному законодательству // Вестник РГГУ. 2014. № 15 (137). С. 123–131.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Seleznev A.A. 2014. Otvetstvennost’ za naemnichestvo po frantsuzskomu ugolovnomu zakonodatel’stvu [Responsibility for mercenarism under French criminal law]. Vestnik RGGU, no. 15 (137), pp. 123–131. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Уолтон К. Британская разведка во времена холодной войны. Секретные операции MI-5 и MI-6. М.: Центрполиграф, 2016.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Walton C. 2014. Empire of secrets: British intelligence in the Cold War and the twilight of empire. New York, Overlook Press [Russ. ed.: Uolton K. 2016. Britanskaya razvedka vo vremena kholodnoi voiny. Sekretnye operatsii MI-5 i MI-6. Moscow, Tsentrpoligraf].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Уразов А.М. Англо-американские отношения в зоне Персидского залива и стран Аравийского полуострова в конце 1950-х — начале 1960-х гг. Проблема сотрудничества и конкуренции: Дисс. … канд. ист. наук. М.: МГУ им. М.В. Ломоносова, 2011.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Urazov A.M. 2011. Anglo-amerikanskie otnosheniya v zone Persidskogo zaliva i stran Araviiskogo poluostrova v kontse 1950-h nachale 1960-h gg. Problema sotrudnichestva i konkurencii [Anglo-American relations in the Persian Gulf region and the Arabian Peninsula at the end of 1950s — beginning of 1960s. Cooperation and competition]. PhD Thesis. Moscow. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шандиева Н.О. Наемничество по международному и национальному уголовному праву: Дисс. … канд. юрид. наук. М.: МГУ им. М.В. Ломоносова, 2004.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shandieva N.O. 2004. Naemnichestvo po mezhdunarodnomu i nacional’nomu ugolovnomu pravu [Mercenarism in international and national criminal law]. PhD Thesis. Moscow. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Armstrong S. War PLC: The rise of the new corporate mercenary. London: Faber &amp; Faber Limited, 2009.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Armstrong S. 2009 War PLC: The rise of the new corporate mercenary. London, Faber &amp; Faber Limited.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baker P.S. Mercenaries and the Congo crisis // Saber &amp; Scroll Journal. 2013. Vol. II. Iss. I. P. 88–103.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baker P.S. 2013. Mercenaries and the Congo crisis. Saber &amp; Scroll Journal, vol. II, iss. I, pp. 88–103. Available at: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/21520844.2014.930712 (accessed: 04.04.2018).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baxter P. Biafra: The Nigerian civil war 1967–1970. West Midlands, Pinetown: Helion &amp; Co., 2015.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baxter P. 2015. Biafra: The Nigerian civil war 1967–1970. West Midlands, Pinetown, Helion &amp; Co.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chase S., Pezzullo R. Zero footprint: The true story of a private military contractor’s covert assignments in Syria, Libya, and the world’s most dangerous places. New York: Mulholland Books, 2017.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chase S., Pezzullo R. 2017. Zero footprint: The true story of a private military contractor’s covert assignments in Syria, Libya, and the world’s most dangerous places. New York, Mulholland Books.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Clarke S.J.G. The Congo mercenary. A history and analysis. Johannesburg: The South African Institute of International Affairs, 1968.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Clarke S.J.G. 1968. The Congo mercenary. A history and analysis. Johannesburg, The South African Institute of International Affairs.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Curtis M. The covert war in Yemen — 1962-70. British foreign policy declassified. 2007. Available at: http://markcurtis.info/2007/02/13/the-covert-warin-yemen-1962-70/ (accessed: 09.12.2019).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Curtis M. 2007. The covert war in Yemen — 1962-70. British foreign policy declassified. Available at: http://markcurtis.info/2007/02/13/the-covert-war-inyemen-1962-70/ (accessed: 09.12.2019).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Curtis M. Secret affairs: Britain’s collusion with radical Islam. London: Serpent’s Tail, 2010.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Curtis M. 2010. Secret affairs: Britain’s collusion with radical Islam. London, Serpent’s Tail.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Curtis M. Web of deceit: Britain’s real role in the world. London: Vintage, 2003.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Curtis M. 2003. Web of deceit: Britain’s real role in the world. London, Vintage.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dorril S. MI6: Inside the covert world of Her Majesty’s Secret Intelligence Service. New York: Simon &amp; Schuster, 2002.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dorril S. 2002. MI6: Inside the covert world of Her Majesty’s Secret Intelligence Service. New York, Simon &amp; Schuster.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gjeijeses P. ‘Flee! The white giants are coming!’: The United States, mercenaries and the Congo 1964–1965 // Empire and revolution. The United States and the Third World since 1945 / Ed. by P.L. Hahn, M.-A. Heiss. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 2001. P. 71–93.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gjeijeses P. 2001. ‘Flee! The white giants are coming!’: The United States, mercenaries and the Congo 1964–1965. Empire and revolution. In Hahn P.L., Heiss M.-A. (eds.). The United States and the Third World since 1945. Columbus, Ohio State University Press, pp. 71–93.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gumedze S. Elimination of mercenarism in Africa: A need for a new continental approach. Pretoria: Institute for Security Studies, 2008.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gumedze S. 2008. Elimination of mercenarism in Africa: A need for a new continental approach. Pretoria, Institute for Security Studies.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Halliday F. Mercenaries: Counter-insurgency in the Gulf. Nottingham: Bertrand Russell peace foundation, 1977.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Halliday F. 1977. Mercenaries: Counter-insurgency in the Gulf. Nottingham, Bertrand Russell peace foundation.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Halliday F. Revolution and world politics: The rise and fall of the sixth great power. Durham: Duke University Press, 1999.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Halliday F. 1999. Revolution and world politics: The rise and fall of the sixth great power. Durham, Duke University Press.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hart-Davis D. The war that never was. The true story of the men who fought Britain’s most secret battle. London: Century Random House, 2011.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hart-Davis D. 2011. The war that never was. London, Century Random House.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hoare M. Congo mercenary. London: Robert Hale, 1967.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hoare M. 1967. Congo mercenary. London, Robert Hale.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hudson A. Congo unravelled: Military operations from independence to the mercenary revolt 1960–1968. West Midlands, Pinetown: Helion &amp; Co., 2012.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hudson A. 2012. Congo unravelled: Military operations from independence to the mercenary revolt 1960–1968. West Midlands, Pinetown, Helion &amp; Co.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit51"><label>51</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Intelligence, crises and security: Prospects and retrospects / Ed. by L. Scott, G.R. Hughes. Oxford, New York: Routledge, 2007.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Scott L., Hughes G.R. (eds.). 2007. Intelligence, crises and security: Prospects and retrospects. Oxford, New York, Routledge.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit52"><label>52</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Isenberg D. Soldiers of fortune Ltd.: A profile of today’s private sector corporate mercenary firms. Washington, D.C.: Center for Defense Information Monograph, 1997.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Isenberg D. 1997. Soldiers of fortune Ltd.: A profile of today’s private sector corporate mercenary firms. Washington, D.C., Center for Defense Information Monograph.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit53"><label>53</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kinsey C. Private security companies: Agents of democracy or simply mercenaries? // Private military and security companies: Chances, problems, pitfalls and prospects / Ed. by T. Jäger, G. Kümmel. Wiesbaden: Vs Verlag f ür Sozialwissenschaften, 2007. P. 87–104.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kinsey C. 2007a. Private security companies: Agents of democracy or simply mercenaries? In Jäger T., Kümmel G. (eds.). Private military and security companies: Chances, problems, pitfalls and prospects. Wiesbaden, Vs Verlag f ür Sozialwissenschaften, pp. 87–104.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit54"><label>54</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kinsey C. Problematising the role of private security companies in small wars // Small Wars and Insurgencies. 2007. Vol. 18. No. 4. P. 584–614.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kinsey C. 2007b. Problematising the role of private security companies in small wars. Small Wars and Insurgencies, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 584–614.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit55"><label>55</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kjelstrup C. NATO and private military contractors. Different approaches, and challenges to internal cohesion and solidarity. Master Thesis. Oslo: University of Oslo. Department of Political Science. 2011. Available at: https://www.duo.uio.no/bitstream/handle/10852/13142/Kjelstrupx2011x_Master.pdf?sequence=1 (accessed: 09.02.2019).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kjelstrup C. 2011. NATO and private military contractors. Different approaches, and challenges to internal cohesion and solidarity. Master Thesis. Oslo, University of Oslo. Department of Political Science. Available at: https://www.duo.uio.no/bitstream/handle/10852/13142/Kjelstrupx2011x_Master.pdf?sequence=1 (accessed: 09.02.2019).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit56"><label>56</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McNamara R. Britain, Nasser and the balance of power in the Middle East 1952–1967: From the Egyptian revolution to the Six Day war. Taylor &amp; Francis e-Library, 2005. Available at: https://archive.org/details/RobertMcNamaraBritainNasserAndTheBalanceOfPowerInTheMiddleEast19521967FromTheEyg (accessed: 09.02.2019).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McNamara R. 2005. Britain, Nasser and the balance of power in the Middle East 1952–1967: From the Egyptian revolution to the Six Day war. Taylor &amp; Francis e-Library. Available at: https://archive.org/details/RobertMcNamaraBritainNasserAndTheBalanceOfPowerInTheMiddleEast19521967FromTheEyg (accessed: 09.02.2019).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit57"><label>57</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mockler A. The new mercenaries. London: Sidgwick &amp; Jackson Ltd., 1985.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mockler A. 1985. The new mercenaries. London, Sidgwick &amp; Jackson Ltd.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit58"><label>58</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">O’Brien K.A. PMCs, myths and mercenaries: The debate on private military companies // Royal United Service Institute Journal. 2000. Vol. 145. No. 1. P. 59–64.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">O’Brien K.A. 2000. PMCs, myths and mercenaries: The debate on private military companies. Royal United Service Institute Journal, vol. 145, no 1, pp. 59–64.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit59"><label>59</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Orkaby A.A. The international history of the Yemen Civil War, 1962–1968. Doctoral dissertation. Harvard: Harvard University Press, 2014.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Orkaby A.A. 2014. The international history of the Yemen civil war, 1962–1968. Doctoral dissertation, Harvard, Harvard University Press.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit60"><label>60</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Othen C. Katanga 1960–1963: Mercenaries, spies and the African nation that waged war on the world. Stroud: The History Press Ltd., 2015.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Othen C. 2015. Katanga 1960–1963: Mercenaries, spies and the African nation that waged war on the world. Stroud, The History Press Ltd.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit61"><label>61</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Puren J. Mercenary commander. Alberton: Galago, 1986.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Puren J. 1986. Mercenary commander. Alberton, Galago.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit62"><label>62</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Risse Scott S. Imperial Muslims: Islam, community and authority in the Indian Ocean, 1839–1937. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2018.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Risse Scott S. 2018. Imperial Muslims: Islam, community and authority in the Indian Ocean, 1839–1937. Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit63"><label>63</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Singer P.W. Can’t win with ‘em, can’t go to war without ‘em: Private military contractors and counterinsurgency. Foreign Policy in Brookings. Policy Paper. 2007. № 4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Singer P.W. 2007. Can’t win with ‘em, can’t go to war without ‘em: Private military contractors and counterinsurgency. Foreign Policy in Brookings, Policy Paper, no. 4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit64"><label>64</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Singer P.W. Corporate warriors: The rise of the privatized military industry. New York: Cornell University Press, 2003.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Singer P.W. 2003. Corporate warriors: The rise of the privatized military industry. New York, Cornell University Press.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit65"><label>65</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Steiner R. The last adventurer. Boston: Little, Brown, 1978.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Steiner R. 1978. The last adventurer. Boston, Little, Brown.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit66"><label>66</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Thiel T. Citizen revolt for a modern state: Yemen’s revolutionary moment, collective memory and conscientious politics sur la longue durée. PhD thesis. London: The London School of Economics and Political Science, 2015.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Thiel T. 2015. Citizen revolt for a modern state: Yemen’s revolutionary moment, collective memory and conscientious politics sur la longue durée. PhD Thesis. The London School of Economics and Political Science.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit67"><label>67</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">West N. Historical dictionary of British intelligence. 2 nd ed. Lanham: Scarecrow Press, 2014.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">West N. 2014. Historical dictionary of British intelligence. 2 nd ed. Lanham, Scarecrow Press.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
