<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">fmp</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вестник Московского Университета. Серия XXV. Международные отношения и мировая политика</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Lomonosov World Politics Journal</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2076-7404</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Московский государственный университет имени М.В.Ломоносова</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.48015/2076-7404-2024-16-1-7-50</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">fmp-216</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ТЕМА В ФОКУСЕ: 75 ЛЕТ НАТО – ИСТОРИЯ С ПРОДОЛЖЕНИЕМ?</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>FOCAL POINT: 75 YEARS OF NATO – TO BE CONTINUED?</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Проблемы контроля над вооружениями в трансатлантических отношениях (1963–1975)</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Issues of arms control in transatlantic relations (1963–1975)</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Веселов</surname><given-names>В. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Veselov</surname><given-names>V. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Веселов Василий Александрович — кандидат исторических наук, заместитель заведующего кафедрой международной безопасности факультета мировой политики,</p><p>119991, Москва, Ленинские горы, 1.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vasilii A. Veselov — PhD (History), Deputy Head of the Chair of International Security, School of World Politics, </p><p>Moscow.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vves@fmp.msu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО «Московский государственный университет имени М.В. Ломоносова»</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Lomonosov Moscow State University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>13</day><month>07</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>16</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>7</fpage><lpage>50</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Веселов В.А., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Веселов В.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Veselov V.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://fmp.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/216">https://fmp.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/216</self-uri><abstract><p>В условиях стремительной деградации и разрушения архитектуры международной безопасности, восходящей своими корнями еще к временам холодной войны, новое звучание приобретают проблемы контроля над вооружениями в целом и распространения ядерного оружия в частности. Возрастает потребность в поиске новых многосторонних форматов межгосударственного взаимодействия в этой области, которые позволили бы адаптировать существующие модели контроля над вооружениями к реалиям формирующегося полицентричного мирового порядка. Решение этой задачи в свою очередь требует тщательного осмысления исторического опыта взаимоотношений стран — участниц военно-политических блоков в годы холодной войны. В данной статье подробно рассмотрены три кейса, связанных с дискуссиями между союзниками по НАТО по вопросам запрещения испытаний ядерного оружия, подготовки Договора о нераспространении ядерного оружия и, наконец, переговоров о взаимном сокращении вооруженных сил и вооружений в Центральной Европе. Показано, что во всех трех случаях решающий голос в выработке решений по проблемам контроля над вооружениями в конечном счете принадлежал США, но позиции их союзников по НАТО существенным образом влияли как на ход переговорного процесса, так и на содержание соглашений. В целом, по мнению автора, наиболее поучительным уроком дискуссий периода 1963–1975 гг. является то, что они показывают, чем оборачивается незнание уроков прошлого: игнорирование опыта переговоров межвоенного периода не позволило тогда реализовать все возможности многостороннего межблокового диалога по контролю над вооружениями. Сейчас этот урок становится актуальным как никогда. </p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Against the backdrop of the rapid degradation and destruction of the international security architecture dating back to the Cold War, the problems of arms control in general and the proliferation of nuclear weapons in particular assume new significance. There is an increasing need to search for new multilateral forms of interstate cooperation in this area, which would make it possible to adapt the established models of arms control to the realities of the emerging polycentric world order. In this regard, the history of relations between the members of the military-political blocs during the Cold War could offer some valuable lessons. This article examines three cases related to the deliberations between NATO allies on the prohibition of nuclear weapons tests, the preparation of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, and negotiations on the mutual reduction of armed forces and conventional armaments in Central Europe. The study shows that though the United States had the final say in developing solutions to arms control problems in all three cases, the positions of its NATO allies significantly affected both the course of the negotiation and the content of the agreements. The author concludes that one of the main lessons to be learnt from the discussions of 1963–1975 is what ignorance of the lessons from the past can lead to. Disregard for the experience of the interwar negotiations did not allow then to unleash the full potential of a multilateral inter-bloc dialogue on arms control. Now this lesson is becoming more relevant than ever before.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>США</kwd><kwd>НАТО</kwd><kwd>разрядка</kwd><kwd>контроль над вооружениями</kwd><kwd>разоружение</kwd><kwd>ядерное оружие</kwd><kwd>обычные вооружения</kwd><kwd>стратегические наступательные вооружения</kwd><kwd>ядерное нераспространение</kwd><kwd>многосторонние ядерные силы</kwd><kwd>МЯС</kwd><kwd>совместные ядерные миссии</kwd><kwd>СЯМ</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>United States</kwd><kwd>NATO</kwd><kwd>détente</kwd><kwd>arms control</kwd><kwd>disarmament</kwd><kwd>nuclear weapons</kwd><kwd>conventional weapons</kwd><kwd>strategic offensive weapons</kwd><kwd>nuclear non-proliferation</kwd><kwd>multilateral nuclear force</kwd><kwd>MLF</kwd><kwd>nuclear sharing</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Антонов А.И. Контроль над вооружениями: история, состояние, перспективы. М.: РОССПЭН; ПИР-центр, 2012.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Antonov A.I. 2012. Kontrol’ nad vooruzheniyami: istoriya, sostoyanie, perspektivy [Arms control: history, state of affairs, and prospects]. Moscow, ROSSPEN Publ., PIR-tsentr Publ. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Арбатов А.Г. Грезы и реальности контроля над вооружениями // Мировая экономика и международные отношения. 2019. Т. 63. № 11. С. 5–16. DOI: 10.20542/0131-2227-2019-63-11-5-16.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Arbatov A.G. 2019. Grezy i real’nosti kontrolya nad vooruzheniyami [Dreams and realities of arms control]. World Eсonomy and International Relations, vol. 63, no. 11, pp. 5–16. DOI: 10.20542/0131-2227-2019-63-11-5-16. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Батюк В.И. Холодная война между США и СССР (1945–1991 гг.): очерки истории. М.: Весь мир, 2018.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Batyuk V.I. 2018. Kholodnaya voina mezhdu SShA i SSSR (1945–1991 gg.): Ocherki istorii [The Cold War between the USA and the USSR (1945–1991): Historical essays]. Moscow, Ves’ mir Publ. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Борисова К.А. Эволюция политики ФРГ в отношении проблемы распространения ядерного вооружения: от МЯС к ДНЯО (1960–1969 гг.) // Вестник Московского университета. Серия 8: История. 2014. № 5. С. 86–102.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Borisova K.A. 2014. Evolyutsiya politiki FRG v otnoshenii problemy rasprostraneniya yadernogo vooruzheniya: ot MYaS k DNYaO (1960–1969 gg.) [The evolution of FRG policy on the proliferation of nuclear weapons: From MLF to NPT (1960–1969)]. Lomonosov History Journal, no. 5, pp. 86–102. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Васильев А.М. Проект «Скорпион» — замаскированные надводные ракетоносцы // Тайфун. 1997. № 4. С. 26–32.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vasil’ev A.M. 1997. Proekt ‘Skorpion’  — zamaskirovannye nadvodnye raketonostsy [The ‘Scorpion’ project: Camouflaged surface lunch platforms]. Taifun, no. 4, pp. 26–32. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Каширина Т.В. Проблема ограничения и сокращения стратегических вооружений в американо-советских/российских отношениях в 1969–2010 гг. Воронеж: Научная книга, 2013.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kashirina T.V. 2013. Problema ogranicheniya i sokrashcheniya strategicheskikh vooruzhenii v amerikano-sovetskikh/rossiiskikh otnosheniyakh v 1969–2010 gg. [The problem of limitation and reduction of strategic arms in American-Soviet/Russian relations in 1969–2010]. Voronezh, Nauchnaya kniga Publ. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лекаренко О.Г. Проблема разделения ядерной ответственности в НАТО в годы президентства Л. Джонсона // Вестник Томского государственного университета. 2015. № 401. С. 108–116. DOI: 10.17223/15617793/401/17.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lekarenko O.G. 2015. Problema razdeleniya yadernoi otvetstvennosti v NATO v gody prezidentstva L. Dzhonsona [The problem of sharing nuclear responsibility in NATO during the presidency of Lyndon Johnson]. Tomsk State University Journal, no. 401, pp. 108–116. DOI: 10.17223/15617793/401/17. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Маныкин А.C., Пилько А.В. Солидарность добровольная и вынужденная в исторической ретроспективе НАТО // Международные процессы. 2005. Т. 3. № 2 (8). С. 100–111.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Manykin A.C., Pil’ko A.V. 2005. Solidarnost’ dobrovol’naya i vynuzhdennaya v istoricheskoi retrospektive NATO [‘Voluntary’ and ‘forced’ solidarity in NATO’s history]. International Trends, vol. 3, no. 2 (8), pp. 100–111. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Пилько А.В. Борьба за принятие доктрины «гибкого реагирования» в НАТО (1961–1969) // Вестник Московского университета. Серия 8: История. 2013. № 5. С. 72–91.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pil’ko A.V. 2013. Bor’ba za prinyatie doktriny ‘gibkogo reagirovaniya’ v NATO (1961–1969) [The struggle for the adoption of the flexible response doctrine in NATO (1961–1969)]. Lomonosov History Journal, no. 5, pp. 72–91. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Пилько А.В. Кризис доверия в НАТО: альянс на пороге перемен (1956–1966). М.: Издательство Московского университета, 2007.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pil’ko A.V. 2007. Krizis doveriya v NATO: al’yans na poroge peremen (1956–1966) [The credibility gap in NATO: The alliance on the verge of change (1956–1966)]. Moscow, Izdatel’stvo Moskovskogo universiteta Publ. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Сетов Р.А. Наследие биполярной эпохи в макроструктуре современного мира // Человеческий капитал. 2021. № 11 (155). С. 33–43. DOI: 10.25629/HC.2021.11.03.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Setov R.A. 2021. Nasledie bipolyarnoi epokhi v makrostrukture sovremennogo mira [Legacy of bipolarity in macrostructure of contemporary world]. Human Capital, no. 11 (155), pp. 33–43. DOI: 10.25629/HC.2021.11.03. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Смирнов Ю.Н., Тимербаев Р.М. Первый шаг к благоразумию в ядерном мире (к истории заключения Московского договора 1963 года о частичном запрещении ядерных испытаний) // Ядерный контроль. 2001. Т. 7. № 1. С. 74–88.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Smirnov Yu.N., Timerbaev R.M. 2001. Pervyi shag k blagorazumiyu v yadernom mire (k istorii zaklyucheniya Moskovskogo dogovora 1963 goda o chastichnom zapreshchenii yadernykh ispytanii) [The first step towards reasonable behavior in nuclear world (A history of the conclusion of the 1963 Limited Test Ban Treaty)]. Nuclear Control, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 74–88. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Тимербаев Р.М. Россия и ядерное нераспространение, 1945–1968. М.: Наука, 1999.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Timerbaev R.M. 1999. Rossiya i yadernoe nerasprostranenie, 1945–1968 [Russia and nuclear nonproliferation, 1945–1968]. Moscow, Nauka Publ. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шустов В.В. Советский Союз и проблема прекращения испытаний ядерного оружия. М.: Атомиздат, 1977.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shustov V.V. 1977. Sovetskii Soyuz i problema prekrashcheniya ispytanii yadernogo oruzhiya [The Soviet Union and the problem of stopping nuclear weapons tests]. Moscow, Atomizdat Publ. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ядерные испытания СССР. Т. 3. Ядерное оружие. Военно-политические аспекты / Под ред. В.Н. Михайлова. Саров: РФЯЦ-ВНИИЭФ, 2000.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mikhailov V.N. (ed.). 2000. Yadernye ispytaniya SSSR. T. 3. Yadernoe oruzhie. Voenno-politicheskie aspekty [Nuclear tests of the USSR. Vol. 3. Nuclear weapons. Military and political aspects]. Sarov, RFYaTs-VNIIEF Publ. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ahonen P. Franz‐Josef Strauss and the German nuclear question, 1956–1962 // The Journal of Strategic Studies. 1995. Vol. 18. No. 2. P. 25–51. DOI: 10.1080/01402399508437593.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ahonen P. 1995. Franz‐Josef Strauss and the German nuclear question, 1956–1962. The Journal of Strategic Studies, vol.  18, no.  2, pp.  25–51. DOI: 10.1080/01402399508437593.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ambrose M.J. The control agenda: A history of the strategic arms limitation talks. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2018.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ambrose M.J. 2018. The control agenda: A history of the strategic arms limitation talks. Ithaca, Cornell University Press.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Arbatova N., Perkovich G., Hooft van P. The future of nuclear arms control and the impact of the Russia-Ukraine war. Cambridge: American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 2024.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Arbatova N., Perkovich G., Hooft van P. 2024. The future of nuclear arms control and the impact of the Russia-Ukraine war. Cambridge, American Academy of Arts and Sciences.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Arms control and disarmament: 50 years of experience in nuclear education / Ed. by P. Foradori, G. Giacomello, A. Pascolini. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2018.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Foradori P., Giacomello G., Pascolini A. (eds.). 2018. Arms control and disarmament: 50 years of experience in nuclear education. Cham, Palgrave Macmillan.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Arms control, disarmament and national security / Ed. by D.G. Brennan. New York: George Braziller, 1961.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brennan D.G. (ed.). 1961. Arms control, disarmament and national security. New York, George Braziller.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brands H. Non-proliferation and the dynamics of the middle Cold War: The superpowers, the MLF, and the NPT // Cold War History. 2007. Vol. 7. No. 3. P. 389–423. DOI: 10.1080/14682740701474857.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brands H. 2007. Non-proliferation and the dynamics of the middle Cold War: The superpowers, the MLF, and the NPT. Cold War History, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 389–423. DOI: 10.1080/14682740701474857.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brands H. Rethinking nonproliferation: LBJ, the Gilpatric Committee, and U.S. national security policy // Journal of Cold War Studies. 2006. Vol. 8. No. 2. P. 83–113. DOI: 10.1162/jcws.2006.8.2.83.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brands H. 2006. Rethinking nonproliferation: LBJ, the Gilpatric Committee, and U.S. national security policy. Journal of Cold War Studies, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 83–113. DOI: 10.1162/jcws.2006.8.2.83.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bull H. The control of the arms race: Disarmament and arms control in the missile age. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1961.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bull H. 1961. The control of the arms race: Disarmament and arms control in the missile age. London, Weidenfeld and Nicolson.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bunn G. Arms control by committee: Managing negotiations with the Russians. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1992.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bunn G. 1992. Arms control by committee: Managing negotiations with the Russians. Stanford, Stanford University Press.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Burns R.D. The evolution of arms control: From antiquity to the nuclear age. Lanham: Rowman &amp; Littlefield Publishers, 2013.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Burns R.D. 2013. The evolution of arms control: From antiquity to the nuclear age. Lanham, Rowman &amp; Littlefield Publishers.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Clearwater J.M. Johnson, McNamara, and the birth of SALT and the ABM treaty, 1963–1969. Irvine: Universal Publishers, Inc., 1999.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Clearwater J.M. 1999. Johnson, McNamara, and the birth of SALT and the ABM treaty, 1963–1969. Irvine, Universal Publishers, Inc.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cooper D.A. Arms control for the third nuclear age: Between disarmament and Armageddon. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 2021.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cooper D.A. 2021. Arms control for the third nuclear age: Between disarmament and Armageddon. Washington, D.C., Georgetown University Press.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dean J. Watershed in Europe: Dismantling the East-West military confrontation. Lexington: Lexington books, 1987.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dean J. 1987. Watershed in Europe: Dismantling the East-West military confrontation. Lexington, Lexington books.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dietl R. In defence of the West: General Lauris Norstad, NATO nuclear forces and transatlantic relations 1956–1963 // Diplomacy and Statecraft. 2006. Vol. 17. No. 2. P. 347–392. DOI: 10.1080/09592290600695334.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dietl R. 2006. In defence of the West: General Lauris Norstad, NATO nuclear forces and transatlantic relations 1956–1963. Diplomacy and Statecraft, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 347–392. DOI: 10.1080/09592290600695334.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Getting to zero: The path to nuclear disarmament? / Ed. by C.M. Kelleher, J. Reppy. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2011.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kelleher C.M., Reppy J. (eds.). 2011. Getting to zero: The path to nuclear disarmament? Stanford, Stanford University Press.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Heuser B. NATO, Britain, France, and the FRG: Nuclear strategies and forces for Europe, 1949–2000. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1997.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Heuser B. 1997. NATO, Britain, France, and the FRG: Nuclear strategies and forces for Europe, 1949–2000. New York, St. Martin’s Press.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jones M. Prelude to the Skybolt crisis: The Kennedy administration’s approach to British and French strategic nuclear policies in 1962 // Journal of Cold War Studies. 2019. Vol. 21. No. 2. P. 58–109.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jones M. 2019. Prelude to the Skybolt crisis: The Kennedy administration’s approach to British and French strategic nuclear policies in 1962. Journal of Cold War Studies, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 58–109.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kaplan L.S., Landa R.D., Drea E.J. The McNamara ascendancy, 1961–1965 // History of the Office of the Secretary of Defense. Vol. 5 / Ed. by A. Goldberg. Washington, D.C.: Office of the Secretary of Defense, Historical Office, 2006.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kaplan L.S., Landa R.D., Drea E.J. 2006. The McNamara ascendancy, 1961–1965. In: Goldberg A. (ed.). History of the Office of the Secretary of Defense. Vol. 5. Washington, D.C., Office of the Secretary of Defense, Historical Office.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kieninger S. Dynamic dé tente: The United States and Europe, 1964–1975. Lanham: Lexington Books, 2016.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kieninger S. 2016. Dynamic dé tente: The United States and Europe, 1964–1975. Lanham, Lexington Books.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Krepon M. Winning and losing the nuclear peace: The rise, demise, and revival of arms control. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2021.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Krepon M. 2021. Winning and losing the nuclear peace: The rise, demise, and revival of arms control. Stanford, Stanford University Press.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kusunoki A. The Satō cabinet and the making of Japan’s non-nuclear policy // The Journal of American-East Asian Relations. 2008. Vol. 15. No. 1. P. 25–50. DOI: 10.1163/187656108793645806.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kusunoki A. 2008. The Satō cabinet and the making of Japan’s non-nuclear policy. The Journal of American-East Asian Relations, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 25–50. DOI: 10.1163/187656108793645806.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lebovic J.H. Flawed logics: Strategic nuclear arms control from Truman to Obama. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2013.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lebovic J.H. 2013. Flawed logics: Strategic nuclear arms control from Truman to Obama. Baltimore, The Johns Hopkins University Press.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Leffler M.P. Cold War and global hegemony, 1945–1991 // OAH Magazine of History. 2005. Vol. 19. No. 2. P. 65–72.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Leffler M.P. 2005. Cold War and global hegemony, 1945–1991. OAH Magazine of History, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 65–72.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lutsch A. From Bonn to Valhalla? West German nuclear ambitions, France and U.S. nuclear assistance, 1960–63 // France, Germany, and nuclear deterrence: Quarrels and convergences during the Cold War and beyond / Ed. by N. Badalassi, F. Gloriant. New York: Berghahn Books, 2022. P. 61–89.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lutsch A. 2022. From Bonn to Valhalla? West German nuclear ambitions, France and U.S. nuclear assistance, 1960–63. In: Badalassi N., Gloriant F. (eds.). France, Germany, and nuclear deterrence: Quarrels and convergences during the Cold War and beyond. New York, Berghahn Books, pp. 61–89.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lutsch A. In favor of ‘effective’ and ‘non-discriminatory’ non-dissemination policy: The FRG and the NPT negotiation process (1962–1966) // Negotiating the nuclear non-proliferation treaty: Origins of the nuclear order / Ed. by R. Popp, L. Horovitz, A. Wenger. London: Routledge, 2017. P. 36–57.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lutsch A. 2017. In favor of ‘effective’ and ‘non-discriminatory’ nondissemination policy: The FRG and the NPT negotiation process (1962–1966). In: Popp R., Horovitz L., Wenger A. (eds.). Negotiating the nuclear non-proliferation treaty: Origins of the nuclear order. London, Routledge, pp. 36–57.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Murray D. Kennedy, Macmillan and nuclear weapons. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2000.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Murray D. 2000. Kennedy, Macmillan and nuclear weapons. London, Palgrave Macmillan.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nuti L. ‘A turning point in postwar foreign policy’: Italy and the NPT negotiations, 1967–1969 // Negotiating the nuclear non-proliferation treaty: Origins of the nuclear order / Ed. by R. Popp, L. Horovitz, A. Wenger. London: Routledge, 2017. P. 77–96.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nuti L. 2017. ‘A turning point in postwar foreign policy’: Italy and the NPT negotiations, 1967–1969. In: Popp R., Horovitz L., Wenger A. (eds.). Negotiating the nuclear non-proliferation treaty: Origins of the nuclear order. London, Routledge, pp. 77–96.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">O’Driscoll M. ‘Les Anglo Saxons’, F-I-G and the rival conceptions of ‘advanced’ armaments research and development co-operation in Western Europe, 1956–1958 // Journal of European Integration History. 1998. Vol. 4. No. 1. P. 105–130.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">O’Driscoll M. 1998. ‘Les Anglo Saxons’, F-I-G and the rival conceptions of ‘advanced’ armaments research and development co-operation in Western Europe, 1956–1958. Journal of European Integration History, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 105–130.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Oliver K. Kennedy, Macmillan and the nuclear test-ban debate, 1961–63. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 1998.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Oliver K. 1998. Kennedy, Macmillan and the nuclear test-ban debate, 1961–63. London, Palgrave Macmillan.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">The other side of the table: The Soviet approach to arms control / Ed. by M. Mandelbaum. New York; London: Council on Foreign Relations Press, 1990.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mandelbaum M. (ed.). 1990. The other side of the table: The Soviet approach to arms control. New York, London, Council on Foreign Relations Press.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Palmer D.A.R. A strategic odyssey: Constancy of purpose and strategymaking in NATO, 1949–2019: NATO Defense College research paper No. 3. Rome: NATO Defense College, Research Division, 2019. Available at: https://css.ethz.ch/content/dam/ethz/special-interest/gess/cis/center-for-securities-studies/resources/docs/NDC_RP_03.pdf (accessed: 15.06.2024).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Palmer D.A.R. 2019. A strategic odyssey: Constancy of purpose and strategymaking in NATO, 1949–2019: NATO Defense College research paper No. 3. Rome, NATO Defense College, Research Division. Available at: https://css.ethz.ch/content/dam/ethz/special-interest/gess/cis/center-for-securities-studies/resources/docs/NDC_RP_03.pdf (accessed: 15.06.2024).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Priest A. The president, the ‘theologians’ and the Europeans: The Johnson administration and NATO nuclear sharing // The International History Review. 2011. Vol. 33. No. 2. P. 257–275. DOI: 10.1080/07075332.2011.555437.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Priest A. 2011. The president, the ‘theologians’ and the Europeans: The Johnson administration and NATO nuclear sharing. The International History Review, vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 257–275. DOI: 10.1080/07075332.2011.555437.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rapp-Hooper M. Shields of the republic: The triumph and peril of America’s alliances. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2020.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rapp-Hooper M. 2020. Shields of the republic: The triumph and peril of America’s alliances. Cambridge, Harvard University Press.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rearden S.L. The dilemmas of dual containment: Germany as a security problem, 1945–1950 // The United States and Germany in the era of the Cold War, 1945–1990: A handbook. Vol. 1: 1945–1968 / Ed. by D. Junker. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. P. 204–208.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rearden S.L. 2004. The dilemmas of dual containment: Germany as a security problem, 1945–1950. In: Junker D. (ed.). The United States and Germany in the era of the Cold War, 1945–1990: A handbook. Vol. 1: 1945–1968. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, pp. 204–208.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Richter W. German efforts to halt the disintegration of nuclear and conventional arms control // Germany and nuclear weapons in the 21st century: Atomic Zeitenwende? / Ed. by U. Kühn. London: Routledge, 2024. P. 157–181.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Richter W. 2024. German efforts to halt the disintegration of nuclear and conventional arms control. In: Kühn U. (ed.). Germany and nuclear weapons in the 21st century: Atomic Zeitenwende? London, Routledge, pp. 157–181.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit51"><label>51</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schelling T.C., Halperin M.H. Strategy and arms control. New York: The Twentieth Century Fund, 1961.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schelling T.C., Halperin M.H. 1961. Strategy and arms control. New York, The Twentieth Century Fund.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit52"><label>52</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schwabe K. Adenauer and nuclear deterrence // Europe, Cold War and coexistence, 1953–1965 / Ed. by W. Loth. London: Routledge, 2004. P. 33–51.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schwabe K. 2004. Adenauer and nuclear deterrence. In: Loth W. (ed.). Europe, Cold War and coexistence, 1953–1965. London, Routledge, pp. 33–51.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit53"><label>53</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Seaborg G.T., Loeb B.S. Stemming the tide: Arms control in the Johnson years. Lexington: Lexington books, 1987.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Seaborg G.T., Loeb B.S. 1987. Stemming the tide: Arms control in the Johnson years. Lexington, Lexington books.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit54"><label>54</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stromseth J.E. The origins of flexible response: NATO’s debate over strategy in the 1960s. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 1988.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stromseth J.E. 1988. The origins of flexible response: NATO’s debate over strategy in the 1960s. London, Palgrave Macmillan.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit55"><label>55</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tal D. US strategic arms policy in the Cold War: Negotiations and confrontation over SALT, 1969–1979. New York: Routledge, 2017.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tal D. 2017. US strategic arms policy in the Cold War: Negotiations and confrontation over SALT, 1969–1979. New York, Routledge.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit56"><label>56</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Walker J. British nuclear weapons and the test ban 1954–1973. Britain, the United States, weapons policies and nuclear testing: Tensions and contradictions. London: Routledge, 2010.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Walker J. 2010. British nuclear weapons and the test ban 1954–1973. Britain, the United States, weapons policies and nuclear testing: Tensions and contradictions. London, Routledge</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
