<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">fmp</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вестник Московского Университета. Серия XXV. Международные отношения и мировая политика</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Lomonosov World Politics Journal</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2076-7404</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Московский государственный университет имени М.В.Ломоносова</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">fmp-23</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>МЕЖДУНАРОДНАЯ БЕЗОПАСНОСТЬ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>INTERNATIONAL SECURITY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Боевые беспилотные  системы: современный этап развития, перспективы ограничения и контроля</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Military Unmanned Systems: Current State, Prospects for Limitation and Control</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Евтодьева</surname><given-names>М. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Yevtodyeva</surname><given-names>M. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Евтодьева Марианна Георгиевна — кандидат политических наук, руководитель Группы глобализации военно-экономических процессов Центра международной безопасности</p><p>117997, Москва, ул. Профсоюзная, 23</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Marianna G. Yevtodyeva — PhD (Political Science), Head of Group of Globalization of the Military-Economic Processes at the IMEMO Center for International Security</p><p>23, Profsoyuznaya Str., Moscow, 117997</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">mariannaevt@imemo.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ознобищев</surname><given-names>С. К.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Oznobishchev</surname><given-names>S. K.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ознобищев Сергей Константинович — кандидат исторических наук, заведующий сектором военнополитического анализа и исследовательских проектов Центра международной безопасности</p><p>117997, Москва, ул. Профсоюзная, 23</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sergey K. Oznobishchev — PhD (History), Head of Sector of Military-Political Analysis and Research Projects at the IMEMO Center for International Security</p><p>23, Profsoyuznaya Str., Moscow, 117997</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">serko96@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение науки «Национальный исследовательский институт мировой экономики и международных отношений имени Е.М. Примакова Российской академии наук» (ИМЭМО РАН)</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Primakov National Research Institute of World Economy and International Relations of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2019</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>19</day><month>11</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>11</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>160</fpage><lpage>197</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Московский государственный университет имени М.В.Ломоносова, 2020</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Московский государственный университет имени М.В.Ломоносова</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Московский государственный университет имени М.В.Ломоносова</copyright-holder><license xlink:href="https://fmp.elpub.ru/jour/about/submissions#copyrightNotice" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>https://fmp.elpub.ru/jour/about/submissions#copyrightNotice</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://fmp.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/23">https://fmp.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/23</self-uri><abstract><p>В статье рассмотрены различные виды современных боевых беспилотных систем — беспилотные летательные аппараты (БПЛА), наземные робототехнические комплексы и морские робототехнические комплексы — в контексте развития соответствующих исследований и разработок в различных странах, динамики спроса на мировом рынке, а также возможностей и перспектив введения мер ограничения и контроля за подобными системами. Приведена классификация типов беспилотных систем. На основе динамики данных о разработках и объемах закупок сделаны выводы о том, что в ближайшей перспективе рост мирового рынка беспилотников продолжится. Это в свою очередь станет одним из препятствий на пути развития мер ограничения и контроля за беспилотными системами. С учетом этих факторов трудно ожидать расширения и ужесточения мер экспортного контроля в данной сфере. Более вероятно, что возобладают противоположные тенденции, связанные в том числе с «подгонкой» моделей беспилотников под категории продукции с более мягкими требованиями по экспорту. Констатируется, что трудно будет преодолеть и иные элементы несовершенства режимов экспортного контроля, включая возможности нематериальной передачи технологий и неприсоединение к соответствующим ограничительным режимам стран, являющихся крупными производителями и экспортерами беспилотных систем.</p><p>В контексте ограничения и контроля за БПЛА рассмотрены два наметившихся трека таких дискуссий на международном уровне: дискуссии в ООН по вопросам ограничения применения беспилотников, относящихся к смертоносным автономным системам оружия, и пока еще в основном неформальные обсуждения возможностей включения беспилотников в систему соглашений по контролю над вооружениями. Авторами выявлены основные препятствия на пути введения эффективного контроля за развитием боевых БПЛА, даны прогнозы перспектив продвижения в этом направлении, сформулированы практически значимые предложения.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The paper examines different types of modern military unmanned systems — unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), unmanned ground systems and unmanned maritime systems — in terms of related R&amp;D in different countries, changes in world market demand as well as opportunities and prospects for their limitation and control. The authors provide an updated classification of these three types of unmanned systems. Based on the analysis of contemporary R&amp;D projects and procurement data the paper shows that global market of unmanned systems will grow in the near future and that this will become a major impediment for promoting control and limitation of such systems. It is therefore equally difficult to expect expansion and strengthening of effective export control of the unmanned systems. On the contrary, opposite trends are likely to prevail, including, among all, artificial adjustment of the unmanned systems to the categories of export products with relaxed requirements. The authors conclude that it would be equally difficult to overcome other drawbacks of export control regimes, such as possibilities of non-material technology transfer or nonadherence to corresponding restrictive regimes of countries which are the largest producers and exporters of unmanned systems.</p><p>Concerning UAVs’ limitation and control, the authors outline two main tracks of debate at the international level — the UN discussions on restriction of use of the unmanned platforms classified as lethal autonomous weapon systems (LAWS) and less institutionalized discussions on prospects for incorporating of unmanned systems in the set of arms control agreements.</p><p>The authors identify main barriers to providing effective control over the development of the military UAVs, as well as prospects for advancement in that direction, and, finally, formulate some policy relevant recommendations.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>беспилотные системы</kwd><kwd>беспилотные летательные аппараты (БПЛА)</kwd><kwd>наземные робототехнические комплексы</kwd><kwd>морские робототехнические комплексы</kwd><kwd>исследования и разработки</kwd><kwd>экспортный контроль</kwd><kwd>контроль над вооружениями</kwd><kwd>Режим контроля за ракетными технологиями</kwd><kwd>Вассенаарские договоренности</kwd><kwd>Договор о торговле оружием</kwd><kwd>ООН</kwd><kwd>смертоносные автономные системы</kwd><kwd>Договор о ракетах средней и меньшей дальности (ДРСМД)</kwd><kwd>контроль над обычными вооружениями в Европе (КОВЕ)</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>unmanned systems</kwd><kwd>unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs)</kwd><kwd>unmanned ground systems</kwd><kwd>unmanned maritime systems</kwd><kwd>research and development</kwd><kwd>export control</kwd><kwd>arms control</kwd><kwd>Missile Technology Control Regime</kwd><kwd>Wassenaar Arrangements</kwd><kwd>Arms Trade Treaty</kwd><kwd>UN</kwd><kwd>lethal autonomous weapon systems</kwd><kwd>Intermediate-range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty</kwd><kwd>conventional arms control in Europe</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено за счет гранта Российского научного фонда (проект № 18-18-00463).</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The reported study was funded by the Russian Science Foundation according to the research project 18-18-00463.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Арбатов А. Договор о ракетах средней дальности — 30 лет спустя // Ежегодник СИПРИ 2016: вооружение, разоружение, международная безопасность. М.: ИМЭМО РАН, 2017. С. 873–883.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Arbatov A.G. 2017. Dogovor o raketakh srednei dal’nosti — 30 let spustya [Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty — 30 years later]. In Ezhegodnik SIPRI 2016: vooruzheniya, razoruzheniyе i mezhdunarodnaya bezopasnost’ [SIPRI yearbook 2016: Armaments, disarmament and international security]. Moscow, IMEMO RAN Publ., pp. 873–883. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бауэр С., Виски А. Режим контроля над экспортом // Ежегодник СИПРИ 2013: вооружения, разоружение и международная безопасность. М.: ИМЭМО РАН, 2014. C. 491–502.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bauer S., Viski A. 2014. Rezhim kontrolya nad eksportom [Export control regimes]. In Ezhegodnik SIPRI 2013: vooruzheniya, razoruzheniyе i mezhdunarodnaya bezopasnost’ [SIPRI yearbook 2013: Armaments, disarmament and international security]. Moscow, IMEMO RAN Publ., pp. 491–562. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Белоусов И. Современные и перспективные необитаемые подводные аппараты ВМС ведущих европейских стран // Зарубежное военное обозрение. 2016. № 3. С. 79–85.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Belousov I. 2016. Sovremennye i perspektivnye neobitaemye podvodnye apparaty VMS vedushchikh evropeiskikh stran [Modern and perspective unmanned underwater vehicles of Navies of the leading European countries]. Zarubezhnoye voennoye obozrenie, no. 3, pp. 79–85. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бромли М., Фербрюгген М., Веземан С. Транспарентность поставок оружия // Ежегодник СИПРИ 2015: вооружение, разоружение, международная безопасность. М.: ИМЭМО РАН, 2016. С. 453–461.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bromley M., Verbruggen M., Wezeman S. 2015. Transparentnost’ postavok oruzhiya [Transparency in arms transfers]. In Ezhegodnik SIPRI 2015: vooruzheniya, razoruzheniyе i mezhdunarodnaya bezopasnost’ [SIPRI yearbook 2014: Armaments, disarmament and international security]. Moscow, IMEMO RAN Publ., pp. 453–461. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Варламова Л.А., Тажиев Ж.А. Роботы и дроны // Молодой ученый. 2018. № 29 (206). С. 121–125.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Varlamova L.A., Tajiev J.A. 2018. Roboty i drony [Robots and drones]. Molodoi uchenyi, no. 29, pp. 121–125. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Веселов В.А. Противоспутниковое оружие и стратегическая стабильность: уроки истории // Вестник Московского университета. Серия 25: Международные отношения и мировая политика. 2016. № 4. С. 3–22.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Veselov V.A. 2016. Protivosputnikovoe oruzhie i strategicheskaya stabil’nost’: uroki istorii [Anti-satellite weapons and strategic stability: Lessons of history]. Moscow University Bulletin of World Politics, no. 3, pp. 3–22. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Веселов В.А., Фененко А.В. «Воздушная мощь» в мировой политике // Международные процессы. 2016. № 3. С. 6–27. DOI 10.17994/IT.2016.14.3.46.2.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Veselov V.A., Fenenko A.V. 2016. Vozdushnaya moshch v mirovoi politike [‘Air power’ in world politics]. International trends, no. 3, pp. 6–27. DOI: 10.17994/IT.2016.14.3.46.2. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Голубенко Е.А. Автономные системы вооружения и международное гуманитарное право // Вестник Академии военных наук. 2017. № 2 (59). С. 101–106.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gоlubenko E.А. 2017. Avtonomnye sistemy vooruzheniya i mezhdunarodnoe gumanitarnoe pravo [Autonomous weapons systems and international humanitarian law]. Vestnik akademii voyennykh nauk, no. 2 (59), pp. 101–106. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Дворкин В.З. Как сохранить Договор о ликвидации ракет средней и меньшей дальности // Мировая экономика и международные отношения. 2018. № 10. C. 22–25. DOI: 10.20542/0131-2227-2018-62-10-22-25.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dvorkin V.Z. 2018. Kak sokhranit’ Dogovor o likvidatsii raket srednei i men’shei dal’nosti [How to preserve the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty]. World Economy and International Relations, no. 10, pp. 22–25. DOI: 10.20542/01312227-2018-62-10-22-25. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Евтодьева М.Г. ДОВСЕ: кризис доверия и нарушение баланса сил // Безопасность Евразии. 2009. № 1 (35). С. 322–325.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Evtodyeva M.G. 2009. DOVSE: krizis doveriya i narushenie balansa sil [The CFE Treaty: A crisis of confidence and imbalance of power]. Bezopasnost’ Evrazii, no. 1 (35), pp. 322–325. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Климов Р.С., Лопота А.В., Спасский Б.А. Тенденции развития наземных робототехнических систем военного назначения // Робототехника и техническая кибернетика. 2015. № 3 (8). С. 3–10.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Klimov R.S., Lopota A.V, Spassky B.A. 2015. Tendencii razvitiya nazemnykh robototekhnicheskikh system voyennogo naznacheniya [Trends of development of ground-based military robotic systems]. Robototekhnika i tekhnicheskaya kibernetika, no. 3 (8), pp. 3–10. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Козюлин В.Б., Грант Т., Гребенщиков А.В. и др. Боевые роботы: угрозы учтенные или непредвиденные // Индекс безопасности. 2016. № 3–4. С. 79–96.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kozyulin V.B., Grant T., Grebenshchikov A.V. et al. 2016. Boevye roboty: ugrozy uchtennye i nepredvidennye [Military robots: Registered and unforseen threats ]. Index bezopasnosti, no. 3–4, pp. 79–96.(In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кокошин А.А. Проблемы обеспечения стратегической стабильности: теоретические и прикладные вопросы. М.: Едиториал УРСС, 2011.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kokoshin A.A. 2011. Problemy obespecheniya strategicheskoi stabilnosti: Teoreticheskie i prikladnye voprosy [Problems of strategic stability: Theoretical and applied issues]. Moscow, Editorial URSS Publ. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кокошин А.А., Балуевский Ю.Н., Потапов В.Я. Влияние новейших тенденций в развитии технологий и средств вооруженной борьбы на военное искусство // Вестник Московского университета. Серия 25: Международные отношения и мировая политика. 2015. № 4. С. 3–22.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kokoshin A.A., Baluyevsky Yu.N., Potapov V.Ya. 2015. Vliyanie noveishikh tendentsii v razvitii tekhnologii i sredstv vooruzhennoi bor’by na voyennoe iskusstvo [The impact of the latest trends in development of technologies and means of warfare on the art of war]. Moscow University Bulletin of World Politics, no. 4, pp. 3–22. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кошкин Р.П. Беспилотные авиационные системы. М.: Стратегические приоритеты, 2016.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Koshkin R.P. 2016. Bespilotnye aviatsionnye sistemy [Unmanned aerial systems]. Moscow, Strategicheskie prioritety Publ. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лидеры производства военных БЛА выходят на коммерческий рынок // Военно-техническое сотрудничество. 2017. № 4. С. 27–30.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lidery proizvodstva voyennykh BLA vykhodyat na kommercheskii rynok [Leaders in production of military UAVs enter the commercial market]. 2017. Voyenno-tekhnicheskoye sotrudnichestvo, no. 4, pp. 27–30. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лопота А.В., Николаев А.Б. Беспилотные летательные аппараты. СПб.: ГНЦ РФ ЦНИИ робототехники и технической кибернетики, 2015.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lopota A.V., Nikolaev A.B. 2015a. Bespilotnye letatel’nye apparaty [Unmanned aerial vehicles]. Saint Petersburg. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лопота А.В., Николаев А.Б. Морские робототехнические комплексы военного и специального назначения. СПб.: ГНЦ РФ ЦНИИ робототехники и технической кибернетики, 2016.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lopota A.V., Nikolaev A.B. 2016. Morskie robototekhnicheskie kompleksy voyennogo i special’nogo naznacheniya [Unmanned maritime systems for military and special use]. Saint Petersburg. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лопота А.В., Николаев А.Б. Наземные робототехнические комплексы военного и специального назначения. СПб.: ГНЦ РФ ЦНИИ робототехники и технической кибернетики, 2015.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lopota A.V., Nikolaev A.B. 2015b. Nazemnye robototekhnicheskie kompleksy voennogo i special’nogo naznacheniya [Ground robotic systems for military and special use]. Saint Petersburg. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мясников Е.В. Угроза терроризма с использованием беспилотных летательных аппаратов: технические аспекты проблемы. Долгопрудный: Центр по изучению проблем разоружения, энергетики и экологии при МФТИ, 2004.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Myasnikov E.V. 2004. Ugroza terrorizma s ispol’zovaniem bespilotnykh letatel’nykh apparatov: tekhnicheskie aspekty problemy [Drone terrorism threat: Technical aspects]. Dolgoprudnyi. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ознобищев С. Оборона и распространение ракетных технологий // Противоракетная оборона: противостояние или сотрудничество? / Под ред. А. Арбатова, В. Дворкина. М.: РОССПЭН, 2012. С. 239–250.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Oznobishchev S.K. 2012. Oborona i rasprostranenie raketnykh tekhnologii [Missile defense and missile proliferation]. In Arbatov A., Dvorkin V. (eds.). Protivoraketnaya oborona: protivostoyaniye ili sotrudnichestvo [Missile defense: Confrontation or cooperation?]. Moscow, ROSSPEN Publ., pp. 239–250. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Российско-американское сотрудничество и противоборство. Значение для национальной безопасности России / Под ред. С.М. Рогова. М.: Весь мир, 2017.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rogov S.M. (ed.). 2017. Rossiysko-amerikanskoe sotrudnichestvo i protivoborstvo. Znachenie dlya natsional’noy bezopasnosti Rossii [Russian-American cooperation and confrontation. Importance for the national security of Russia]. Moscow, Ves’ mir Publ. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Савельев А.Г. Договор о ракетах средней и меньшей дальности и стратегическая стабильность // Безопасность и контроль над вооружениями 2017–2018: преодоление разбалансировки международной стабильности. М.: ИМЭМО РАН; РОССПЭН, 2018. С. 32–40.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Saveliev A.G. 2018. Dogovor o raketakh srednei i men’shei dal’nosti i strategicheskaya stabil’nost’ [The Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty and strategic stability]. In Bezopasnost’ i kontrol’ nad vooruzheniyami 2017–2018: Preodolenie razbalansirovki mezhdunarodnoi stabilnosti [Security and arms control 2017–2018: Overcoming the imbalance of international stability]. Moscow, ROSSPEN Publ., pp. 32–40. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Тебин П. Наземные роботизированные комплексы // Экспорт вооружений. 2017. № 4. С. 36–44.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tebin P. 2017. Nazemnye robotizirovannye kompleksy [Ground robotic systems]. Export vooruzhenii, no. 4, pp. 36–44. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Фетисов В., Неугодникова Л., Адамовский В., Красноперов Р. Беспилотная авиация: терминология, классификация, современное состояние. Уфа: ФОТОН, 2014.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fetisov V., Neugodnikova L., Adamovskii V., Krasnoperov R. 2014. Bespilotnaya aviatsiya: terminologiya, klassifikatsiya, sovremennoye sostoyanie [Unmanned aviation: Terminology, classification, current state]. Ufa, FOTON Publ. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Энтони И., Холланд К. Управление автономным оружием // Ежегодник СИПРИ 2014: вооружение, разоружение, международная безопасность. М.: ИМЭМОРАН, 2015. С. 456–465.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Anthony I., Holland C. 2015. Upravlenie avtonomnym oruzhiem [Management of autonomous weapons]. In Ezhegodnik SIPRI 2014: vooruzheniya, razoruzheniyе i mezhdunarodnaya bezopasnost’ [SIPRI yearbook 2014: Armaments, disarmament and international security]. Moscow, IMEMO RAN Publ., pp. 456–465. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Boulanin V., Verbruggen M. Availability and military use of UAVs // SIPRI literature review for the Policy and Operations Evaluations Department of the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Final Report. 2017. P. 121–132. Available at: https://www.iob-evaluatie.nl/publicaties/rapporten/2017/08/01/sipri-literature-review-foriob (accessed: 28.05.2019).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Boulanin V., Verbruggen M. 2017. Availability and military use of UAVs. In SIPRI literature review for the Policy and Operations Evaluations Department of the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs. New York, Oxford University Press.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Boyle M.J. The costs and consequences of drone warfare // International Affairs. 2013. Vol. 89. No. 1. P. 1–29. DOI: 10.1111/1468-2346.12002.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Boyle M.J. 2013. The costs and consequences of drone warfare. International Affairs, vol. 89, no. 1, pp. 1–29. DOI: 10.1111/1468-2346.12002.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bromley M. Human rights, the European Union and dual-use export controls // SIPRI yearbook 2017: Armaments, disarmament and international security. New York: Oxford University Press, 2017. P. 616–628.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bromley M. 2017. Human rights, the European Union and dual-use export controls. In SIPRI yearbook 2017: Armaments, disarmament and international security. New York, Oxford University Press, pp. 616–628.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Candelmo C. Drones at war: The military use of unmanned aerial vehicles and international law // Use and misuse of new technologies (Contemporary challenges in international and European law) / Ed. by E. Carpanelli, N. Lazzerini. Springer International Publishing, 2019. P. 93–112. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-03005648-3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Candelmo C. 2019. Drones at war: The military use of unmanned aerial vehicles and international law. In Carpanelli E., Lazzerini N. (eds.). Use and misuse of new technologies: Contemporary challenges in international and European law. Springer International Publishing, pp. 93–112. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-05648-3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Davis I., Boulanin V., Bromley M. et al. Humanitarian arms control regimes: Key developments in 2016 // SIPRI yearbook 2017. Armaments, disarmament and international security. New York: Oxford University Press, 2017. P. 554–576.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Davis I., Boulanin V., Bromley M. et al. 2017. Humanitarian arms control regimes: Key developments in 2016. In SIPRI yearbook 2017. Armaments, disarmament and international security. New York, Oxford University Press, pp. 554–576.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Davis I., Verbruggen M. The Convention on Certain Conventional weapons // SIPRI yearbook 2018: Armaments, disarmament and international security. New York: Oxford University Press, 2018.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Davis I., Verbruggen M. 2018. The Convention on Certain Conventional weapons. In SIPRI yearbook 2018: Armaments, disarmament and international security. New York, Oxford University Press.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Drone wars: Transforming conflict, law, and policy / Ed. by P.L. Bergen, D. Rothenberg. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bergen P.L., Rothenberg D. (eds.). 2015. Drone wars: Transforming conflict, law, and policy. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fuhrmann M., Horowitz M.C. Droning on: Explaining the proliferation of unmanned aerial vehicles // International Organization. 2017. Vol. 71. No. 2. P. 397–418. DOI: 10.1017/S0020818317000121.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fuhrmann M., Horowitz M.C. 2017. Droning on: Explaining the proliferation of unmanned aerial vehicles. International Organization, vol. 71, iss. 2, pp. 397–418. DOI: 10.1017/S0020818317000121.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Garcia D. Future arms, technologies, and international law: Preventive security governance // European Journal of International Security. 2016. Vol. 1. No. 1. P. 91–111. DOI: 10.1017/eis.2015.7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Garcia D. 2016. Future arms, technologies, and international law: Preventive security governance. European Journal of International Security, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 91–111. DOI: 10.1017/eis.2015.7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gilli A., Gilli M. The diffusion of drone warfare? Industrial, organizational, and infrastructural constraints // Security Studies. 2016. Vol. 25. No. 1. P. 50–84. DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2425750.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gilli A., Gilli M. 2016. The diffusion of drone warfare? Industrial, organizational, and infrastructural constraints. Security Studies, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 50–84. DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2425750.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Herrick K. Development of the unmanned aerial vehicle market: Forecasts and trends // Air &amp; Space Europe. 2000. Vol. 2. No. 2. P. 25–27. DOI: 10.1016/S1290-0958(00)80035-0.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Herrick K. 2000. Development of the unmanned aerial vehicle market: Forecasts and trends. Air &amp; Space Europe, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 25–27. DOI: 10.1016/S1290-0958(00)80035-0.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Horowitz M.C., Kreps S.E., Fuhrmann M. Separating fact from fiction in the debate over drone proliferation // International Security. 2016. Vol. 41. No. 2. P. 7–42. DOI: 10.1162/ISEC_a_00257.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Horowitz M.C., Kreps S.E., Fuhrmann M. 2016. Separating fact from fiction in the debate over drone proliferation. International Security, vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 7–42. DOI: 10.1162/ISEC_a_00257.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Miller S., Legvold R. Meeting the challenges of the New Nuclear Age: Nuclear weapons in a changing global order. Cambridge: American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 2019.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Miller S., Legvold R. 2019. Meeting the challenges of the New Nuclear Age: Nuclear weapons in a changing global order. Cambridge, American Academy of Arts and Sciences.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Perry W. My journey at the nuclear brink. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2015.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Perry W. 2015. My journey at the nuclear brink. Stanford, Stanford University Press.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Preventing the erosion of strategic stability / Ed. by V. Kantor. National Institute of Corporate Reform, 2018.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kantor V. (ed.). 2018. Preventing the erosion of strategic stability. Italy, Luxembourg Forum on Preventing Nuclear Catastrophe.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sartori P. The Missile Technology Control Regime and UAVs: A mismatch between regulation and technology // IAI Commentaries. 2017. Iss. 17. Available at: http://www.iai.it/sites/default/files/iaicom1732.pdf (accessed: 28.05.2019).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sartori P. 2017. The missile technology control regime and UAVs: A mismatch between regulation and technology. IAI Commentaries, iss. 17. Available at: http://www.iai.it/sites/default/files/iaicom1732.pdf (accessed: 28.05.2019).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Scharre P. Army of none: Autonomous weapons and the future of war. New York: W.W. Norton and Company, 2018.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Scharre P. 2018. Army of none: Autonomous weapons and the future of war. New York, W.W. Norton and Company.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Weiss M. How to become a first mover? Mechanisms of military innovation and the development of drones // European Journal of International Security. 2018. Vol. 3. Iss. 2. P. 187–210. DOI: 10.1017/eis.2017.15.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Weiss M. 2017. How to become a first mover? Mechanisms of military innovation and the development of drones. European Journal of International Security, vol. 3, iss. 2, pp. 187–210. DOI: 10.1017/eis.2017.15.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zaloga S., Palmer I. Unmanned aerial vehicles: Robotic air warfare, 1917–2007. Oxford; New York: Osprey, 2008.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zaloga S., Palmer I. 2008. Unmanned aerial vehicles: Robotic air warfare, 1917–2007. Oxford and New York, Osprey.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
