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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">fmp</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вестник Московского Университета. Серия XXV. Международные отношения и мировая политика</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Lomonosov World Politics Journal</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2076-7404</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Московский государственный университет имени М.В.Ломоносова</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.48015/2076-7404-2024-16-2-125-175</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">fmp-232</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ТЕМА В ФОКУСЕ: КОНТУРЫ МНОГОПОЛЯРНОГО МИРА</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>FOCAL POINT: CONTOURS OF A MULTIPOLAR WORLD</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Преступные организации Бразилии как субъекты неклассических войн в форме криминального мятежа</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Brazilian criminal organizations as subjects of non-classical wars in the form of criminal rebellion</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6202-7493</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Стригунов</surname><given-names>К. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Strigunov</surname><given-names>K. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Стригунов Константин Сергеевич — кандидат политических наук, старший научный сотрудник </p><p>125481, Москва, ул. Свободы, 91, к. 2, помещ. 9</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Konstantin S. Strigunov — PhD (Political Science), Senior Research Fellow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">sks6891@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Автономная некоммерческая организация дополнительного профессионального образования «Академия политических наук»</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Academy of Political Sciences</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>02</day><month>09</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>16</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>125</fpage><lpage>175</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Стригунов К.С., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Стригунов К.С.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Strigunov K.S.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://fmp.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/232">https://fmp.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/232</self-uri><abstract><p>Современные преступные организации (ПО) являются фактором, всё больше дестабилизирующим как отдельные государства и их общества, так и международную систему. На определенном уровне развития они оказываются в состоянии подрывать суверенитет и территориальную целостность государств через установление контроля над некоторыми их территориями. Это может привести к ситуации криминального мятежа, под которым понимается механизм конфронтации с государством, возникающий, когда организованная преступность становится вызовом существованию последнего как такового. В этом отношении особенный интерес представляет изучение опыта стран Латинской Америки и Карибского бассейна, в частности Бразилии. В первой части статьи рассмотрены дискуссии относительно применимости понятий «внутренний вооруженный конфликт» (ВВК) и «неклассическая война» для описания ситуации криминального мятежа в этой стране. Особое внимание уделено двум ключевым критериям ВВК: интенсивности насилия и степени организованности противоборствующих сторон. Автор заключает, что по обоим критериям в Бразилии имеет место состояние неклассической войны в форме криминального мятежа, достигшего уровня ВВК. Во второй и третьей частях проанализированы факторы, которые способствовали превращению конкретных бразильских ПО — «Первой столичной команды» («Primeiro Comando da Capital», PCC) и «милиций» — в акторов полноценного криминального мятежа. В случае с PCC речь идет прежде всего о таких факторах, как переход к более гибким сетецентричным принципам организации, перенимание опыта партизан-террористов, сопровождающееся растущей интернационализацией деятельности ПО, на фоне милитаризации бразильской полиции. В случае с «милициями» особое внимание уделено феномену «вооруженной политики», когда организованная преступность оказывается встроена непосредственно и неразрывно в государственный аппарат. Автор заключает, что в Бразилии присутствуют все признаки криминального мятежа, поскольку его основные негосударственные субъекты достигли такого уровня организационной сложности, когда они в состоянии подрывать суверенитет государства, устанавливая доминирование хотя бы на части его территории и выступая в качестве стороны ВВК. Специфика ситуации в Бразилии заключается в том, что такой мятеж осуществляется негосударственными насильственными акторами, которые изначально не имеют политической/идеологической мотивации, однако, могут оказывать настолько же разрушительное воздействие на общество и государственные институты, как если бы эти субъекты ставили перед собой политические цели.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Modern criminal organizations are increasingly destabilizing both individual states and the international system in general. As they reach a certain level of development, they are able to undermine the sovereignty and territorial integrity of states through the establishment of control over parts of their territories. This can lead to a situation of criminal rebellion, understood as a mechanism of confrontation with the state under which organized crime begins to pose a challenge to the very existence of the latter. In this regard, the case of Latin American and Caribbean countries and, in particular, Brazil is of special interest. The first section examines academic discussions regarding the applicability of the concepts of ‘internal armed conflict’ and ‘unconventional warfare’ to the situation of criminal rebellion in Brazil. Special attention is paid to two key criteria — the intensity of violence and the organizational level of the belligerent parties. The author concludes that with regard to both these criteria, there is a state of unconventional warfare in Brazil in the form of a criminal rebellion that has reached the level of the internal armed conflict. The second and third sections of the paper examine the factors that contributed to the transformation of specific Brazilian criminal organizations — the ‘First Capital Command’ (PCC) and the ‘militias’ — into actors of a full-fledged criminal rebellion. In the case of the PCC, these factors include the adoption of more flexible network organizational principles and the guerrilla tactics, accompanied by the growing internationalization of criminal activities, against the backdrop of further militarization of the Brazilian police. In the case of the ‘militias’, the author focuses on the concept of ‘armed politics’, which describes a situation where organized crime pervades the entire state apparatus. The author concludes that the situation in Brazil shows all the signs of a criminal insurgency, when certain criminal organizations have reached such a level of organizational complexity that they are able to undermine the sovereignty of the state by establishing control over at least part of its territory and acting as a belligerent in the internal armed conflict. The specific of the situation in Brazil is that such an insurgency is carried out by non-state violent actors who formally do not pursue any political/ideological goals. However, due to their destructive potential they should be treated as if they had political goals.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Бразилия</kwd><kwd>преступные организации</kwd><kwd>криминальный мятеж</kwd><kwd>внутренний вооруженный конфликт</kwd><kwd>неклассические войны</kwd><kwd>негосударственные насильственные акторы</kwd><kwd>«Первая столичная команда»</kwd><kwd>«милиции»</kwd><kwd>банды третьего уровня</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Brazil</kwd><kwd>criminal organizations</kwd><kwd>criminal rebellion</kwd><kwd>internal armed conflict</kwd><kwd>unconventional warfare</kwd><kwd>non-state violent actors</kwd><kwd>‘First Capital Command’</kwd><kwd>‘militias’</kwd><kwd>third generation gangs</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бартош А.А. Парадигма гибридной войны // Вопросы безопасности. 2017. № 3. С. 44‒61. 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