<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">fmp</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вестник Московского Университета. Серия XXV. Международные отношения и мировая политика</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Lomonosov World Politics Journal</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2076-7404</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Московский государственный университет имени М.В.Ломоносова</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.48015/2076-7404-2024-16-4-32-69</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">fmp-255</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКАЯ ДИПЛОМАТИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ECONOMIC DIPLOMACY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Политика санкций ЕС: тернистый путь трансформации</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>The EU Sanctions Policy: A Thorny Path of Transformation</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8439-2352</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Оганисян</surname><given-names>Л. Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Oganisyan</surname><given-names>L. D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Оганисян Лида Давидовна  — кандидат политических наук, доцент кафедры внешней политики России и стран СНГ факультета мировой политики</p><p>119991, Москва, Ленинские горы, 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Lida D. Oganisyan — PhD (Political Science), Associate Professor at the Chair of the Foreign Policy of Russia and CIS Countries, School of World Politics</p><p>1 Leninskie Gory, Moscow, 119991</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Московский государственный университет имени М. В. Ломоносова»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Lomonosov Moscow State University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>31</day><month>01</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>16</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>32</fpage><lpage>69</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Московский государственный университет имени М.В.Ломоносова, 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Московский государственный университет имени М.В.Ломоносова</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Московский государственный университет имени М.В.Ломоносова</copyright-holder><license xlink:href="https://fmp.elpub.ru/jour/about/submissions#copyrightNotice" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>https://fmp.elpub.ru/jour/about/submissions#copyrightNotice</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://fmp.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/255">https://fmp.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/255</self-uri><abstract><p>Рост международной напряженности в последние годы ставит перед руководством Европейского союза острые вопросы о  перспективах как внутреннего развития объединения, так и его глобального позиционирования. В этом контексте особый интерес представляет анализ санкционной политики ЕС как ключевого инструмента его внешнеполитической стратегии. Подобный анализ может помочь не только выявить специфические особенности Евросоюза как субъекта рестрикций, но и приблизиться к пониманию современных тенденций эволюции данного интеграционного объединения в целом. В первом разделе рассмотрены ключевые институты, ответственные за разработку санкционной политики ЕС, а также принципы и механизмы принятия и имплементации соответствующих мер. В качестве отличительных маркеров политики санкций ЕС автор выделяет ее адресный и ценностно-ориентированный подход, стремление к многосторонности и внимание к вопросам гуманитарных исключений. Во втором разделе прослежена эволюция санкционной политики ЕС в период с 1992 по 2022 г. Показано, что уже в 2010-е годы обозначилась тенденция к переходу от использования ЕС санкций как прежде всего средства донесения до адресата определенного политического послания, призванного способствовать защите прав человека и демократических ценностей, к их применению в качестве инструмента экономического давления. Одновременно громко заявляют о себе противоречия с США по вопросам вторичных санкций. Всё это подталкивает руководство ЕС к осознанию необходимости укреплять санкционную политику и стратегическую автономию. В третьем разделе проанализированы ключевые аспекты начавшейся в 2022 г. качественной трансформации санкционной политики ЕС. Автор отмечает, что наряду с резким увеличением объема санкционных ограничений против России в  связи с  проводимой ею специальной военной операцией на Украине важнейшим элементом этой трансформации стала активизация борьбы ЕС с обходом санкций. Всё это говорит о растущей готовности Брюсселя, прежде осуждавшего практику экстерриториальных санкций, пойти на применение санкционных мер за пределами своих территориальных границ. Одновременно наметилась тенденция к значительному усилению роли Еврокомиссии в разработке ограничительных мер, что существенно меняет институциональный баланс внутри ЕС в ее пользу, способствуя усилению наднационального начала. Перспективы реализации этих тенденций во многом будут зависеть от международного контекста и способности объединения согласовать между собой широкую палитру интересов государств — членов ЕС.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>In recent years, the rising international tensions have raised for the EU leadership pressing questions on the prospects for both the internal development of the union and its global positioning. Against this backdrop, the analysis of the EU sanctions policy as a key tool of its foreign policy strategy is of particular interest. Such an analysis can not only help identify the specific features of the European Union as a subject of restrictions, but also reach a better understanding of the current evolutionary trends of this integration association on the whole. The first section examines the key institutions responsible for the development of the EU sanctions policy, as well as the principles and mechanisms underlying the adoption and implementation of the relevant measures. The author emphasizes the targeted and value-based character of the EU sanctions policy, its commitment to multilateralism and concerns about possible adverse humanitarian effects. The second section traces the evolution of the EU sanctions policy over the period from 1992 to 2022. It shows that it was as early as the 2010s that the EU countries started to switch from using sanctions primarily as a means of conveying an addressee a certain ‘political message’ designed to ensure human rights and democratic values, to harnessing them as an economic leverage. At the same time, evident disagreements emerged between the EU and the United States on secondary sanctions. All this led the EU leadership to realize the need to strengthen its sanctions policy, as well as its strategic autonomy in general. The third section analyzes the key aspects of the qualitative transformation of the EU sanctions policy that began in 2022. The author notes that along with a sharp increase in the number of sanctions against Russia provoked by the beginning of the special military operation in Ukraine, the most important element of this transformation was the intensification of the EU’s efforts to combat sanctions evasion. All this indicates the growing readiness of the EU, which previously condemned the practice of extraterritorial sanctions, to apply sanctions measures beyond its borders. At the same time, the European Commission plays an increasingly active role in the development of restrictive measures. This may significantly change the institutional balance within the EU in its favor, contributing to strengthening the supranational principle. The prospects for the implementation of these tendencies, however, will largely depend on the international context and the ability of the EU leadership to reconcile competing interests of the member states.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>санкции</kwd><kwd>рестриктивные меры</kwd><kwd>Европейский союз</kwd><kwd>обход санкций</kwd><kwd>вторичные санкции</kwd><kwd>умные санкции</kwd><kwd>гуманитарные исключения</kwd><kwd>стратегическая автономия</kwd><kwd>нормативная сила</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>sanctions</kwd><kwd>restrictive measures</kwd><kwd>European Union</kwd><kwd>sanctions evasion</kwd><kwd>secondary sanctions</kwd><kwd>smart sanctions</kwd><kwd>humanitarian exceptions</kwd><kwd>strategic autonomy</kwd><kwd>normative power</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Арапова Е.Я., Кудинов А.С. Особенности санкционного регулирования в США, ЕС и Великобритании: сравнительный анализ // Полис. Политические исследования. 2022. № 6. С. 151–165. DOI: 10.17976/jpps/2022.06.11.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Arapova E.Ya., Kudinov A.S. 2022. Osobennosti sanktsionnogo regulirovaniya v SShA, ES i Velikobritanii: sravnitel’nyi analiz [International sanctions legislation in the U.S., EU and UK: A comparative study]. Polis. Political Studies, no. 6, pp. 151–165. DOI: 10.17976/jpps/2022.06.11. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Невоенные угрозы безопасности ЕС / Под ред. Н.К. Арбатовой, А.М. Кокеева, Е.Г. Черкасовой. М.: Весь мир, 2023.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Arbatova N.K., Kokeev A.M., Cherkasova E.G. (eds.). 2023. Nevoennye ugrozy bezopasnosti ES [Non-military threats to the EU security]. Moscow, Ves’ mir Publ. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Оганисян Л.Д. Гуманитарная помощь под санкциями: от постановки проблемы к поискам решений // Вестник Московского университета. Серия 25: Международные отношения и мировая политика. 2023. Т. 15. № 2. С. 116–152. DOI: 10.48015/2076-7404-2023-15-2-116-152.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Oganisyan L.D. 2023. Gumanitarnaya pomoshch’ pod sanktsiyami: ot postanovki problemy k poiskam reshenii [Humanitarian aid under sanctions: From the problem statement to the search for solutions]. Lomonosov World Politics Journal, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 116–152. DOI: 10.48015/2076-7404-2023-15-2-116-152. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Потемкина О.Ю. Блокирующий статут как инструмент суверенной торговой политики ЕС. Аналитическая записка № 50. Институт Европы РАН, 2018. Доступ: https://www.instituteofeurope.ru/images/uploads/analitika/2018/an146.pdf?ysclid=m5wldodoic279776329 (дата обращения: 03.12.2024).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Potemkina O.Yu. 2018. Blokiruyushchii statut kak instrument suverennoi torgovoi politiki ES [The blocking statute as an instrument of the EU sovereign trade policy]. Research paper No. 50. Institute of Europe RAS Publ. Available at: https://www.instituteofeurope.ru/images/uploads/analitika/2018/an146.pdf?ysclid=m5wldodoic279776329 (accessed: 03.12.2024). (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Потемкина О.Ю. Миграционный кризис и политика Европейского союза // Актуальные проблемы Европы. 2016. № 4. С. 38–60.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Potemkina O.Yu. 2016. Migratsionnyi krizis i politika Evropeiskogo soyuza [Migration crisis and the European Union policy]. Aktual’nye problemy Evropy, no. 4, pp. 38–60. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Прохоренко И.Л. Внешнеполитическая стратегия Европейского Союза и проблема регулирования миграционного кризиса // Год планеты: Ежегодник. Вып. 2016 г. / Под ред. В.Г. Барановского, Э.Г. Соловьёва. М.: Идея-Пресс, 2016. С. 178–186.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Prokhorenko I.L. 2016. Vneshnepoliticheskaya strategiya Evropeiskogo Soyuza i problema regulirovaniya migratsionnogo krizisa [The European Union global strategy and the problem of the European refugee and migrant crises management]. In: Baranovsky V.G., Solov’ev E.G. (eds.). God planety: Ezhegodnik. Vyp. 2016 g. [Year of the planet: Yearbook 2016]. Moscow, IdeyaPress, pp. 178–186. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Саргсян А.М. Эволюция нормативно-правовой базы применения экономических санкций на пространстве Европейского союза // Вестник Московского университета. Серия 25: Международные отношения и мировая политика. 2011. № 3. С. 236–249.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sargsyan A.M. 2011. Evolyutsiya normativno-pravovoi bazy primeneniya ekonomicheskikh sanktsii na prostranstve Evropeiskogo soyuza [Evolution of the European Union legislation on economic sanctions]. Lomonosov World Politics Journal, no. 3, pp. 236–249. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Сергеев Е.А., Воротников В.В. Стратегия Европейского союза в условиях глобальной перестройки: автономия или эвтаназия? М.: МГИМОУниверситет, 2023.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sergeev E.A., Vorotnikov V.V. 2023. Strategiya Evropeiskogo soyuza v usloviyakh global’noi perestroiki: avtonomiya ili evtanaziya? [European Union’s strategy in a transforming world: Autonomy or euthanasia?] Moscow, MGIMOUniversitet Publ. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Стрежнева М.В., Руденкова Д.Э. Европейский союз: архитектура внешней политики. М.: ИМЭМО РАН, 2016.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Strezhneva M.V., Rudenkova D.E. 2016. Evropeiskii soyuz: arkhitektura vneshnei politiki [European Union: The architecture of foreign policy]. Moscow, IMEMO RAN Publ. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Тимофеев И.Н. Европа под огнем вторичных санкций США. Специальный доклад клуба «Валдай» для ПМЭФ-2019 // Международный дискуссионный клуб «Валдай». 05.06.2019. Доступ: https://ru.valdaiclub.com/a/reports/evropa-pod-ognyem-sanktsiy/?ysclid=m5wleyqtuo887087425 (дата обращения: 03.12.2024).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Timofeev I.N. 2019. Evropa pod ognem vtorichnykh sanktsii SShA [Europe under fire from US secondary sanctions]. Valdai Discussion Club. Available at: https://ru.valdaiclub.com/a/reports/evropa-pod-ognyem-sanktsiy/?ysclid=m5wleyqtuo887087425 (accessed: 03.12.2024). (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Тимофеев И.Н. Политика санкций Европейского союза. Опыт событийного анализа // Современная Европа. 2021. № 2. С. 17–27. DOI: 10.15211/soveurope220211727.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Timofeev I.N. 2021. Politika sanktsii Evropeiskogo soyuza. Opyt sobytiinogo analiza [Approaching the EU sanctions policy. An experiment with event analysis]. Contemporary Europe, no. 2, pp. 17–27. DOI: 10.15211/soveurope220211727. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Тимофеев И.Н., Чуприянова П.И. Политика санкций ЕС в отношении России после февраля 2022 г.: направления изменений // Современная мировая экономика. 2024. Т. 2. № 2 (6). С. 43–59. DOI: 10.17323/2949-5776-2024-2-2-43-59.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Timofeev I.N., Chupriyanova P.I. 2024. Politika sanktsii ES v otnoshenii Rossii posle fevralya 2022 g.: napravleniya izmenenii [EU sanctions policy toward Russia after February 2022: Major transformation trends]. Sovremennaya mirovaya ekonomika, vol. 2, no. 2 (6), pp. 43–59. DOI: 10.17323/2949-5776-2024-2-2-43-59. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Beaucillon C. The European Union’s position and practice with regard to unilateral and extraterritorial sanctions // Research handbook on unilateral and extraterritorial sanctions / Ed. by C. Beaucillon. Cheltenham, UK; Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd, 2021. P. 110–129.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Beaucillon C. 2021. The European Union’s position and practice with regard to unilateral and extraterritorial sanctions. In: Beaucillon C. (ed.). Research handbook on unilateral and extraterritorial sanctions. Cheltenham, UK, Northampton, MA, Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd, pp. 110–129.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Biersteker T., Portela C. EU sanctions in context: Three types // European Union Institute for Security Studies. July 2015. Available at: https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/192691/Brief_26_EU_sanctions.pdf (accessed: 03.12.2024).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Biersteker T., Portela C. 2015. EU sanctions in context: Three types. European Union Institute for Security Studies. Available at: https://ru.valdaiclub.com/a/reports/evropa-pod-ognyem-sanktsiy/?ysclid=m5wleyqtuo887087425 (accessed: 03.12.2024).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">De Vries A.W., Hazelzet H. The EU as a new actor on the sanctions scene // International sanctions. Between words and wars in the global system / Ed. by P. Wallensteen, C. Staibano. Oxon: Routledge, 2005. P. 95–107.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">De Vries A.W., Hazelzet H. 2005. The EU as a new actor on the sanctions scene. In: Wallensteen P., Staibano C. (eds.). International sanctions. Between words and wars in the global system. Oxon: Routledge, pp. 95–107.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Felbermayr G., Kirilakha A., Syropoulos C. et al. The Global Sanctions Data Base // European Economic Review. 2020. Vol. 129. P. 1–23.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Felbermayr G., Kirilakha A., Syropoulos C. et al. 2020. The Global Sanctions Data Base. European Economic Review, vol. 129, pp. 1–23.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Geranmayeh E., Rapnouil M.L. Meeting the challenge of secondary sanctions // European Council on Foreign Relations. June 2019. Available at: https://ecfr.eu/archive/page/-/4_Meeting_the_challenge_of_secondary_sanctions.pdf (accessed: 03.12.2024).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Geranmayeh E., Rapnouil M.L. 2019. Meeting the challenge of secondary sanctions. European Council on Foreign Relations. Available at: https://ecfr.eu/archive/page/-/4_Meeting_the_challenge_of_secondary_sanctions.pdf (accessed: 03.12.2024).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Giumelli F. How EU sanctions work: A new narrative. Paris: EU Institute for Security Studies, 2013.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Giumelli F. 2013. How EU sanctions work: A new narrative. Paris, EU Institute for Security Studies.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Giumelli F., Geelhoed W., De Vries M., Molesini A. United in diversity? A study on the implementation of sanctions in the European Union // Politics and Governance. 2022. Vol. 10. No. 1. P. 36–46. DOI: 10.17645/pag.v10i1.4702.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Giumelli F., Geelhoed W., De Vries M., Molesini A. 2022. United in diversity? A study on the implementation of sanctions in the European Union. Politics and Governance, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 36–46. DOI: 10.17645/pag.v10i1.4702.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Giumelli F., Hoffmann F., Ksią ż czaková A. The when, what, where and why of European Union sanctions // European Security. 2021. Vol. 30. No. 1. P. 1–23.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Giumelli F., Hoffmann F., Ksią ż czaková A. 2021. The when, what, where and why of European Union sanctions. European Security, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 1–23.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Immenkamp B. EU sanctions: A key foreign and security policy instrument // European Parliament. April 2024. Available at: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2024/760416/EPRS_BRI(2024)760416_EN.pdf (accessed: 03.12.2024).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Immenkamp B. 2024. EU sanctions: A key foreign and security policy instrument. European Parliament. Available at: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2024/760416/EPRS_BRI(2024)760416_EN.pdf (accessed: 03.12.2024).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jaeger M.D. Constructing sanctions: Rallying around the target in Zimbabwe // Cambridge Review of International Affairs. 2016. Vol. 29. No. 3. P. 952–969.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jaeger M.D. 2016. Constructing sanctions: Rallying around the target in Zimbabwe. Cambridge Review of International Affairs, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 952–969.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jokela J., Aula I. Brexit and an independent UK sanctions policy // Sharpening EU sanctions policy / Ed. by N. Helwig, J. Jokela, C. Portela. Helsinki: Finnish Institute of International Affairs, 2020. P. 61–71.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jokela J., Aula I. 2020. Brexit and an independent UK sanctions policy. In: Helwig N., Jokela J., Portela C. (eds.). Sharpening EU sanctions policy. Helsinki, Finnish Institute of International Affairs, pp. 61–71.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kirilakha A., Felbermayr G., Syropoulos C. et al. The Global Sanctions Data Base: An update that includes the years of the Trump presidency // The research handbook on economic sanctions / Ed. by P. van Bergeijk. Cheltenham, UK; Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd, 2021. Available at: https://china.elgaronline.com/edcollbook/edcoll/9781839102714/9781839102714.xml (accessed: 03.12.2024).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kirilakha A., Felbermayr G., Syropoulos C. et al. 2021. The Global Sanctions Data Base: An update that includes the years of the Trump presidency. In: Bergeijk P. van (ed.). The research handbook on economic sanctions. Cheltenham, UK, Northampton, MA, Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd. Available at: https://china.elgaronline.com/edcollbook/edcoll/9781839102714/9781839102714.xml (accessed: 03.12.2024).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Matthijs M., Meunier S. Europe’s geoeconomic revolution. How the EU learned to wield its real power // Foreign Affairs. 22.08.2023. Available at: https://www.foreignaffairs.com/europe/european-union-geoeconomic-revolution (accessed: 03.12.2024).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Matthijs M., Meunier S. 2023. Europe’s geoeconomic revolution. How the EU learned to wield its real power. Foreign Affairs. August 22. Available at: https://www.foreignaffairs.com/europe/european-union-geoeconomic-revolution (accessed: 03.12.2024).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Meissner K., Graziani C. The transformation and design of EU restrictive measures against Russia // Journal of European Integration. 2023. Vol. 45. No. 3. P. 377–394. DOI: 10.1080/07036337.2023.2190105.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Meissner K., Graziani C. 2023. The transformation and design of EU restrictive measures against Russia. Journal of European Integration, vol. 45, no. 3, pp. 377–394. DOI: 10.1080/07036337.2023.2190105.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Olsen K.B. Diplomatic realisation of the EU’s ‘geoeconomic pivot’: Sanctions, trade, and development policy reform // Politics and Governance. 2022. Vol 10. No. 1. P. 5–15. DOI: 10.17645/pag.v10i1.4739.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Olsen K.B. 2022. Diplomatic realisation of the EU’s ‘geoeconomic pivot’: Sanctions, trade, and development policy reform. Politics and Governance, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 5–15. DOI: 10.17645/pag.v10i1.4739.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Portela C. Aid suspensions as coercive tools? The European Union’s experience in the African-Caribbean-Pacific (ACP) context // Review of European and Russian Affairs. 2007. Vol. 3. No. 2. P. 38–53.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Portela C. 2007. Aid suspensions as coercive tools? The European Union’s experience in the African-Caribbean-Pacific (ACP) context. Review of European and Russian Affairs, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 38–53.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Portela C. How the EU learned to love sanctions // European Council on Foreign Relations. 12.04.2016. Available at: https://ecfr.eu/article/essay_how_the_eu_learned_to_love_sanctions/ (accessed: 03.12.2024).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Portela C. 2016. How the EU learned to love sanctions. European Council on Foreign Relations. April 12. Available at: https://ecfr.eu/article/essay_how_the_eu_learned_to_love_sanctions/ (accessed: 03.12.2024).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Portela C. Implementation and enforcement // Sharpening EU sanctions policy / Ed. by N. Helwig, J. Jokela, C. Portela. Helsinki: Finnish Institute of International Affairs, 2020. P. 88–98.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Portela C. 2020. Implementation and enforcement. In: Helwig N., Jokela J., Portela C. (eds.). Sharpening EU sanctions policy. Helsinki, Finnish Institute of International Affairs, pp. 88–98.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Portela C. Member states’ resistance to EU foreign policy sanctions // European Foreign Affairs Review. 2015. Vol. 20. No. 3. P. 39–61.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Portela C. 2015. Member states’ resistance to EU foreign policy sanctions. European Foreign Affairs Review, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 39–61.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Portela C., Olsen K.B. Implementation and monitoring of the EU sanctions’ regimes, including recommendations to reinforce the EU’s capacities to implement and monitor sanctions // European Parliament. October 2023. Available at: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2023/702603/EXPO_STU(2023)702603_EN.pdf (accessed: 03.12.2024).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Portela C., Olsen K.B. 2023. Implementation and monitoring of the EU sanctions’ regimes, including recommendations to reinforce the EU’s capacities to implement and monitor sanctions. European Parliament. Available at: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2023/702603/EXPO_STU(2023)702603_EN.pdf (accessed: 03.12.2024).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Prosecution of sanctions (restrictive measures) violations in national jurisdictions: A comparative analysis // European Union Agency for Criminal Justice Cooperation. December 2021. Available at: https://www.eurojust.europa.eu/sites/default/files/assets/genocide_network_report_on_prosecution_of_sanctions_restrictive_measures_violations_23_11_2021.pdf (accessed: 03.12.2024).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Prosecution of sanctions (restrictive measures) violations in national jurisdictions: A comparative analysis. 2021. European Union Agency for Criminal Justice Cooperation. Available at: https://www.eurojust.europa.eu/sites/default/files/assets/genocide_network_report_on_prosecution_of_sanctions_restrictive_measures_violations_23_11_2021.pdf (accessed: 03.12.2024).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Riddervolda M., Riekera P. Finally coming of age? EU foreign and security policy after Ukraine // European Security. 2024. Vol. 33. No. 3. P. 497–516.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Riddervolda M., Riekera P. 2024. Finally coming of age? EU foreign and security policy after Ukraine. European Security, vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 497–516.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Russell M. EU human rights sanctions. Towards a European Magnitsky Act. European Parliament. December 2020. Available at: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2020/659402/EPRS_BRI(2020)659402_EN.pdf (accessed: 03.12.2024).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Russell M. 2020. EU human rights sanctions. Towards a European Magnitsky Act. European Parliament. Available at: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2020/659402/EPRS_BRI(2020)659402_EN.pdf (accessed: 03.12.2024).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stanicek B., Caprile A. Russia and the Western Balkans: Geopolitical confrontation, economic influence and political interference // European Parliament. April 2023. Available at: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2023/747096/EPRS_BRI(2023)747096_EN.pdf (accessed: 03.12.2024).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stanicek B., Caprile A. 2023. Russia and the Western Balkans: Geopolitical confrontation, economic influence and political interference. Briefing, European Parliamentary Research Service. Available at: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2023/747096/EPRS_BRI(2023)747096_EN.pdf (accessed: 03.12.2024).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Syropoulos C., Felbermayr G., Kirilakha A. et al. The Global Sanctions Data Base — Release 3: COVID-19, Russia, and multilateral sanctions // Review of International Economics. 2023. P. 1–42.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Syropoulos C., Felbermayr G., Kirilakha A. et al. 2023. The Global Sanctions Data Base — Release 3: COVID-19, Russia, and multilateral sanctions. Review of International Economics, pp.1–42.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zamfir I. Towards an EU global sanctions regime for corruption // European Parliament. February 2023. Available at: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2023/739340/EPRS_BRI(2023)739340_EN.pdf (accessed: 03.12.2024).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zamfir I. 2023. Towards an EU global sanctions regime for corruption. European Parliament. Available at: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2023/739340/EPRS_BRI(2023)739340_EN.pdf (accessed: 03.12.2024).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
