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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">fmp</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вестник Московского Университета. Серия XXV. Международные отношения и мировая политика</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Lomonosov World Politics Journal</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2076-7404</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Московский государственный университет имени М.В.Ломоносова</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.48015/2076-7404-2025-17-1-54-88</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">fmp-270</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>НА ЗАРЕ PAX AMERICANA</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>AT THE DAWN OF PAX AMERICANA</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Подходы США к экономическому развитию Западной Европы в 1940–1950-е годы</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>U.S. approaches to economic development of Western Europe in the 1940s–1950s</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2421-5869</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лекаренко</surname><given-names>О. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lekarenko</surname><given-names>O. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Лекаренко Оксана Геннадьевна — доктор исторических наук, доцент, заведующая кафедрой новой, новейшей истории и международных отношений,  </p><p>634050, г. Томск, Ленина, 36.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Oksana G. Lekarenko — Doctor of Sciences (History), Associate Professor, Head of the Department of Modern, Contemporary History and International Relations, </p><p>36, Lenin Avenue, Tomsk, 634050.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">olekarenko@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Национальный исследовательский Томский государственный университет»</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>National Research Tomsk State University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>04</day><month>05</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>17</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>54</fpage><lpage>88</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Лекаренко О.Г., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Лекаренко О.Г.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Lekarenko O.G.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://fmp.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/270">https://fmp.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/270</self-uri><abstract><p>В ходе Второй мировой войны США обрели статус сверхдержавы, что предполагало активное участие американской дипломатии в решении вопросов послевоенного мирового устройства. Одним из краеугольных камней американской внешней политики в этом контексте стало укрепление отношений со странами Западной Европы, которые оказались на переднем фланге зарождавшегося советско-американского противостояния. В рамках данной статьи предпринимается попытка вписать эволюцию американских подходов к экономическому развитию Западной Европы в 1940–1950-е годы в более широкий контекст планов США по построению мирового либерального экономического порядка. Обращение к изучению послевоенной европейской политики Вашингтона представляется особенно актуальным, поскольку может помочь приблизиться к пониманию логики торгово-экономических отношений США с Европейским союзом в современных условиях. В первой части статьи рассматриваются основные вехи в истории создания послевоенных международных торговых и финансовых институтов: Международного валютного фонда (МВФ), Международного банка реконструкции и развития (МБРР) и Генерального соглашения по тарифам и торговле (ГАТТ). Автор отмечает, что в этот период Вашингтон, пользуясь слабостью и зависимостью европейских стран, имел возможность достаточно эффективно навязывать им свое видение способов построения мирового экономического порядка. В то же время руководство США достаточно быстро осознало, что активное вовлечение западноевропейских стран в построение нового экономического порядка требует создания региональных организаций, которые способствовали бы развитию свободной торговли между ними. Во многом именно на решение этих задач был направлен план Маршалла, содержание которого подробно рассмотрено во второй части статьи. Автор подчеркивает, что в рамках реализации этой программы США целенаправленно использовали экономическую помощь, чтобы стимулировать объединительные тенденции в Западной Европе. В третьей части статьи подробно разбираются мотивы, стоявшие за поддержкой Вашингтоном процессов европейской интеграции. Как показывает автор, интерес США заключался в создании в регионе крупного рынка для экспорта американских товаров, поэтому американское руководство поддержало учреждение Европейских сообществ (ЕОУС, ЕЭС, Евратом). По замыслу Белого дома, сначала должна была произойти либерализация торговых отношений в Западной Европе, а затем — в торговле западноевропейских стран с внешними партнерами. Однако если первая часть этого плана была реализована успешно, то со второй возникли проблемы: внешнеэкономическая политика Европейских сообществ стала развиваться на протекционистской основе. Перед Вашингтоном вставала новая задача — разомкнуть западноевропейский блок в сторону либерализации торговли с внешними партнерами.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>During World War II, the United States gained superpower status, which implied the active participation of American diplomacy in the establishment of the post-war world order. In this context, one of the cornerstones of U.S. foreign policy was the strengthening of relations with the countries of Western Europe, which found themselves on the front lines of the nascent Soviet-American confrontation. This article attempts to place the evolution of American approaches to the economic development of Western Europe in the 1940s–1950s into a broader context of the U.S. plans to build a global liberal economic order. The study of the American post-war policy toward Europe is particularly relevant, as it can help to better comprehend the current logic of trade and economic relations between the United States and the European Union. The first section of the article outlines the main milestones in the history of post-war international trade and financial institutions: the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). The author notes that during this period, the United States, taking advantage of the weakness and dependence of European countries, was able to effectively impose its vision of a global economic order on them. At the same time, the U.S. leadership soon realized that the active engagement of Western European countries in building a new economic order requires the establishment of regional organizations to promote free trade between them. To a great extent, the Marshall Plan was aimed at solving these problems, as discussed in detail in the second section of the article. The author emphasizes that the United States deliberately used economic assistance to stimulate consolidating trends in Western Europe as part of this plan. The third section of the paper thoroughly analyzes the motives behind the U.S. support for European integration. As the author shows, the United States was interested in creating a large regional market for American exports. Therefore, the United States supported the establishment of the European Communities (ECSC, EEC, Euratom). According to the U.S. plan, the liberalization of trade relations between Western European countries should subsequently be extrapolated to their trade with outside partners. While the first part of this plan was successfully implemented, problems arose with the second one: the foreign economic policy of the European Communities followed the protectionist course. Thus, the American leadership faced a new challenge, i.e., to achieve the liberalization of Western European trade with external partners.</p><p>Keywords: USA, Western Europe, World War II, world economic order, Bretton Woods System, IMF, IBRD, GATT, Marshall Plan, OEEC, European integration, ECSC</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>США</kwd><kwd>Западная Европа</kwd><kwd>Вторая мировая война</kwd><kwd>мировой экономический порядок</kwd><kwd>Бреттон-Вудская система</kwd><kwd>МВФ</kwd><kwd>МБРР</kwd><kwd>ГАТТ</kwd><kwd>план Маршалла</kwd><kwd>ОЕЭС</kwd><kwd>европейская интеграция</kwd><kwd>ЕОУС</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>USA</kwd><kwd>Western Europe</kwd><kwd>World War II</kwd><kwd>world economic order</kwd><kwd>Bretton Woods System</kwd><kwd>IMF</kwd><kwd>IBRD</kwd><kwd>GATT</kwd><kwd>Marshall Plan</kwd><kwd>OEEC</kwd><kwd>European integration</kwd><kwd>ECSC</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бычкова Т.А. 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