<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">fmp</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вестник Московского Университета. Серия XXV. Международные отношения и мировая политика</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Lomonosov World Politics Journal</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2076-7404</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Московский государственный университет имени М.В.Ломоносова</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.48015/2076-7404-2020-12-1-32-56</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">fmp-34</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ТЕОРИЯ МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫХ ОТНОШЕНИЙ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>THEORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Концепция региональных подсистем: от гетерогенности к плюрализму</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>The Regional Subsystem Concept: From Heterogeneity to Pluralism</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лабуткин</surname><given-names>Н. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Labutkin</surname><given-names>N. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Лабуткин Никита Сергеевич — аспирант кафедры международной безопасности факультета мировой политики</p><p>119991, Москва, Ленинские горы, 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nikita S. Labutkin — PhD Candidate at the Chair of International Security, School of World Politics</p><p>1 Leninskie Gory, Moscow, 119991</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">npolitology@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Московский государственный университет имени М.В. Ломоносова»</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Lomonosov Moscow State University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2020</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>19</day><month>11</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>12</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>32</fpage><lpage>56</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Лабуткин Н.С., 2020</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Лабуткин Н.С.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Labutkin N.S.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://fmp.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/34">https://fmp.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/34</self-uri><abstract><p>История изучения феномена региональных подсистем берет начало в 1950-х годах. Уже тогда ряд исследователей выступили с идеей о том, что модели, разработанные для объяснения логики развития биполярной системы, не в состоянии в полной мере адекватно отразить специфику региональных процессов. В этой связи возникла необходимость дополнить системный уровень исследований международных отношений еще одним — «подсистемным». В данной статье представлен сравнительный обзор существующих в зарубежной и отечественной научной литературе основных подходов к изучению и определению феномена региональных подсистем. Автор предпринимает попытку проследить эволюцию исследований концепции подсистем, определив их современное состояние и выделив основные спорные вопросы, касающиеся интерпретаций понятия «региональная подсистема» и строящихся на их основе теоретико-методологических подходов. В первой части статьи освещены различные определения феномена региональных подсистем, сформулированные западными исследователями в годы «холодной войны». Показано, что этот первоначальный этап становления исследований данной проблематики характеризовался крайней гетерогенностью, поляризованностью мнений и оценок. Предлагались самые разнообразные способы и критерии выделения подсистем, само словосочетание «региональные подсистемы» не приобрело устойчивого характера, выдвигались различные альтернативные подходы. В то же время все исследования данного периода так или иначе вращались вокруг одной центральной проблемы, связанной с поиском ответа на вопрос о характере взаимосвязи региональных подсистем с «доминирующей», биполярной. В этой связи вполне понятно, что с окончанием «холодной войны» перед исследователями феномена региональных подсистем не только встали новые задачи, но и открылись новые перспективы. Во второй части статьи представлен обзор взглядов современных зарубежных и российских ученых на проблематику региональных подсистем. Выделены ключевые сюжеты, по которым наблюдаются наибольшие расхождения среди экспертов и к которым прежде всего следует отнести: определение характера взаимодействия подсистемных акторов (сотрудничество vs конфликт), необходимость институционального оформления подсистемы, наличие ее ядра, представленного игроком-лидером. В заключение автор приходит к выводу, что, несмотря на отсутствие консенсуса среди ученых по этим вопросам, исследования региональных подсистем в целом прошли значительный путь от крайней гетерогенности, даже фрагментированности в том, что касается определения принципов, категорий и критериев выделения подсистем, к большему терминологическому единству при сохранении плюрализма подходов, мнений и оценок.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The study of regional subsystems dates back to the 1950s, when it became clear that the models developed to explain the logic behind the bipolar international system could not adequately reﬂect the speciﬁcities of regional processes. Therefore, there was a pressing need to complement traditional system level analysis with a new, subsystemic approach. The paper provides a comparative analysis of both Russian and Western deﬁnitions of the regional subsystem concept. The author examines the evolution of the regional subsystem concept research ﬁeld, its current state and identiﬁes the key competing approaches, as well as their methodological and theoretical foundations. The ﬁrst section covers deﬁnitions of the subsystem concept developed by the Western researchers during the Cold War period. The author emphasizes that this initial foundational phase for the development of the research ﬁeld was marked by extreme heterogeneity of views, opinions and assessments. The experts suggested various principles and criteria for identifying regional subsystems, while the very meaning of a ‘regional subsystem’ has not yet been settled. At the same time, the author shows that all the discussions during that period revolved around one central issue that is how the regional subsystem is linked to the ‘dominant’ one — a bipolar. In that regard, it is only natural that with the end of the Cold War the studies of regional subsystems faced new challenges but also gained a new momentum. The second section examines views of contemporary Russian and Western scholars. The author identiﬁes the key discussion points, which include primarily the nature of relations between subsystem actors: whether they should necessarily be cooperative or not; if they need formal institutionalization and whether they should be organized hierarchically with a strong leading state. The author concludes that despite the absence of expert consensus on these issues, the studies of regional subsystems have come a long way from extreme heterogeneity, even fragmentation of the very basic theoretical premises, to a much greater terminological consistency but have retained the pluralism of views, opinions and assessments.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>теория международных отношений</kwd><kwd>региональная подсистема</kwd><kwd>региональные исследования</kwd><kwd>«холодная война»</kwd><kwd>интеграция</kwd><kwd>уровни анализа</kwd><kwd>политическая система</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>international relations theory</kwd><kwd>regional subsystem</kwd><kwd>regional studies</kwd><kwd>the Cold War</kwd><kwd>integration</kwd><kwd>level of analysis</kwd><kwd>political system</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Богатуров А.Д. Десять лет парадигмы освоения // Pro et Contra. 2000. Т. 5. № 1. C. 195–201.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bogaturov A.D. 2000. Desyat’ let paradigmy osvoeniya [Ten years of the paradigm of familiarizing]. Pro et Contra, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 195–201. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Воскресенский А.Д. Восток/Запад: региональные подсистемы и региональные проблемы международных отношений. М.: РОССПЭН, 2002.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Voskresenskii A.D. 2002. Vostok/Zapad. Regional’nye podsistemy i regional’nye problemy mezhdunarodnykh otnoshenii [East/West: Regional subsystems and regional issues of international relations]. Moscow, ROSSPEN Publ. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Воскресенский А.Д. Историческая эволюция международного сообщества и ее влияние на формирование региональных подсистем международных отношений // Вестник РГГУ. Серия: Политология. История. Международные отношения. 2013. № 21 (122). С. 83–94.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Voskresenskii A.D. 2013. Istoricheskaya evolyutsiya mezhdunarodnogo soobshchestva i ee vliyanie na formirovanie regional’nykh podsistem mezhdunarodnykh otnoshenii [Historical evolution of international society and its inﬂuence on the formation of regional sub-systems of international relations]. Vestnik RGGU, no. 21 (122), pp. 83–94. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Воскресенский А.Д. Концепции регионализации, региональных подсистем, региональных комплексов и региональных трансформаций в современных международных отношениях // Сравнительная политика. 2012. Т. 3. № 2 (8). С. 30–58.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Voskresenskii A.D. 2012a. Kontseptsii regionalizatsii, regional’nykh podsistem, regional’nykh kompleksov i regional’nykh transformatsii v sovremennykh mezhdunarodnykh otnosheniyakh [Concepts of regionalization, regional subsystems, regional complexes and regional transformations in contemporary IR]. Comparative Politics Russia, vol. 3, no. 2 (8), pp. 30–58. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Воскресенский А.Д. Регионализация в современных международных отношениях (Начало) // Восток. 2012. № 5. С. 5–17.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Voskresenkii A.D. 2012b. Regionalizatsiya v sovremennykh mezhdunarodnykh otnosheniyakh (Nachalo) [Regionalization in contemporary international relations: Part 1]. Vostok/Oriens, no. 5, pp. 5–17. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Воскресенский А.Д. Регионализация в современных международных отношениях (Окончание) // Восток. 2012. № 6. С. 5–12.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Voskresenkii A.D. 2012c. Regionalizatsiya v sovremennykh mezhdunarodnykh otnosheniyakh (Okonchanie) [Regionalization in contemporary international relations: Part 2]. Vostok/Oriens, no. 6, pp. 5–12. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Цыганков А.П. Российская теория международных отношений: какой ей быть? // Сравнительная политика. 2014. Т. 5. № 2 (15–16). С. 65–83.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tsygankov A.P. Rossiiskaya teoriya mezhdunarodnyh otnoshenii: kakoi ei byt’? [Russian international relations theory: What should it be like?]. Comparative Politics Russia, vol. 5, no. 2 (15–16), pp. 65–83. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Цыганков А.П., Цыганков П.А. Теория международных отношений в России: отчего не спешат появляться школы? // Международные процессы. 2003. Т. 1. № 3. С. 104–116.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tsygankov A.P., Tsygankov P.A. 2003. Teoriya mezhdunarodnykh otnoshenii v Rossii: otchego ne speshat poyavlyat’sya shkoly? [International relations theory in Russia: Why are schools slow to appear?]. International Trends, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 104–116. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шаклеина Т.А. Великие державы и региональные подсистемы // Международные процессы. 2011. Т. 9. № 2. С. 29–39.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shakleina T.A. 2011. Velikie derzhavy i regional’nye podsistemy [Great powers in global and regional politics]. International Trends, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 29–39. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шаклеина Т.А., Байков А.А. Мегатренды: основные траектории эволюции мирового порядка в XXI веке. М.: Аспект-Пресс, 2017.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shakleina T.A., Baikov A.A. 2017. Megatrendy: osnovnye traektorii evolyutsii mirovogo poryadka v XXI veke [Megatrends. World order evolution in the 21st century]. Moscow, Aspekt-Press Publ. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Acharya A. The emerging regional architecture of world politics // World Politics. 2007. Vol. 59. No. 4. P. 629–652. DOI: 10.1353/wp.2008.0000.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Acharya A. 2007. The emerging regional architecture of world politics. World Politics, vol. 59, no. 4, pp. 629–652. DOI: 10.1353/wp.2008.0000.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ayoob M. From regional system to regional society: Exploring key variables in the construction of regional order // Australian Journal of International Aﬀairs. 1999. Vol. 53. Iss. 3. P. 247–260. DOI: 10.1080/00049919993845.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ayoob M. 1999. From regional system to regional society: Exploring key variables in the construction of regional order. Australian Journal of International Aﬀairs, vol. 53, no. 3, pp. 247–260. DOI: 10.1080/00049919993845.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ayoob M. Regional security in the Third World: Case studies from the Southeast Asia and the Middle East. Boulder: Westview Press, 1988.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ayoob M. 1986. Regional security in the Third World: Case studies from the Southeast Asia and the Middle East. Boulder, Westview Press.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bertalanﬀy L. The theory of open systems in physics and biology // Science. 1950. No. 111. P. 23–29.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bertalanﬀy L. 1950. The theory of open systems in physics and biology. Science, no. 111, pp. 23–29.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Berton P. International subsystems: A submacro approach to international studies // International Studies Quarterly. 1969. Vol. 13. Iss. 4. P. 329–334.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Berton P. 1969. International subsystems: A submacro approach to international studies. International Studies Quarterly, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 329–334.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Binder L. The Middle East as a subordinate international system // World Politics. 1958. Vol. 10. Iss. 03. P. 408–429.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Binder L. 1958. The Middle East as a subordinate international system. World Politics, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 408–429.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Boulding K.E. General systems theory: The skeleton of science // Management Science. 1956. Vol. 2. No. 3. P. 197–208.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Boulding K.E. 1956. General systems theory: The skeleton of science. Management Science, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 197–208.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Boulding K.E. Theoretical systems and political realities: A review of Morton A. Kaplan ‘System and process in international politics’ // Journal of Conﬂict Resolution. 1958. Vol. 2. Iss. 4. P. 329–334.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Boulding K.E. 1958. Theoretical systems and political realities: A review of Morton A. Kaplan ‘System and process in international politics’. Journal of Conﬂict Resolution, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 329–334.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Boulding K.E. The world as a total system. Beverley Hills; London; New Delhi: Sage Publications, 1985.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Boulding K.E. 1985. The world as a total system. Beverley Hills, London, New Delhi, Sage Publications.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brecher M. International relations and Asian studies: The subordinate state system of Southern Asia // World Politics. 1963. Vol. 15. No. 2. P. 213–235.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brecher M. 1963. International relations and Asian studies: The subordinate state system of Southern Asia. World Politics, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 213–235.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brecher M. The Middle East subordinate system and its impact on Israel’s foreign policy // International Studies Quarterly. 1969. Vol. 13. No. 2. P. 117–139.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brecher M. 1969. The Middle East subordinate system and its impact on Israel’s foreign policy. International Studies Quarterly, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 117–139.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Buzan B., Albert M. Diﬀerentiation: A sociological approach to international relations theory // European Journal of International Relations. 2010. Vol. 16. No. 3. P. 315–337. DOI: 10.1177/1354066109350064.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Buzan B., Albert M. 2010. Diﬀerentiation: A sociological approach to international relations theory. European Journal of International Relations, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 315–337. DOI: 10.1177/1354066109350064.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Buzan B., Waever O. Regions and powers: The structure of international security. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Buzan B., Waever O. 2003. Regions and powers: The structure of international security. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cantori L.J., Spiegel S.L. The international politics of regions: A comparative approach // International Studies Quarterly. 1969. Vol. 14. No. 4. P. 361–380.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cantori L.J., Spiegel S.L. 1969. The international politics of regions: A comparative approach. International Studies Quarterly, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 361–380.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Enteshami A. Middle East Middle powers: Regional role, international impact // Uluslararası İlişkiler. 2014. Vol. 11. No. 42. P. 29–49.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Enteshami A. 2014. Middle East middle powers: Regional role, international impact. Uluslararası İlişkiler, vol. 11, no. 42, pp. 29–49.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Feld W.J., Boyd G. Comparative regional systems: West and East Europe, North America, the Middle East, and developing countries. New York: Pergamon Press, 1980.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Feld W.J., Boyd G. 1980. Comparative regional systems: West and East Europe, North America, the Middle East, and developing countries. New York, Pergamon Press.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hoﬀmann S. Discord in community: The North Atlantic area as a partial international system // International Organization. 1963. Vol. 17. No. 3. P. 521–549.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hoﬀmann S. 1963. Discord in community: The North Atlantic area as a partial international system. International Organization, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 521–549.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hoﬀmann S. International systems and international law // World Politics. 1961. Vol. 14. No. 1. P. 205–237.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hoﬀmann S. 1961. International systems and international law. World Politics, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 205–237.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hoﬀmann S. The state of war: Essays on the theory and practice of international politics. New York: Praeger, 1965.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hoﬀmann S. 1965. The state of war: Essays on the theory and practice of international politics. New York, Praeger.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ieda O., Uyama T. Reconstruction and interaction of Slavic Eurasia and its neighboring worlds. Slavic Research Center, Hokkaido University, 2006.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ieda O., Uyama T. 2006. Reconstruction and interaction of Slavic Eurasia and its neighboring worlds. Slavic Research Center, Hokkaido University.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Litsas S.N., Tziampiris A. The new Eastern Mediterranean: Theory, politics and states in a volatile era. Springer, 2019.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Litsas S.N., Tziampiris A. 2019. The new Eastern Mediterranean: Theory, politics and states in a volatile era. Springer.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nadkarni V., Noonan N.C. Challenge and change. Global threats ant the state in twenty-ﬁ rst century international politics. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nadkari V., Noonan N.C. 2016. Challenge and change. Global threats ant the state in twenty-ﬁrst century international politics. New York, Palgrave Macmillan.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nadkarni V., Noonan N.C. Emerging powers in a comparative perspective. The political and economic rise of the BRIC countries. New York: Bloomsbury, 2012.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nadkami V., Noonan N.C. 2012. Emerging powers in a comparative perspective. The political and economic rise of the BRIC countries. New York, Bloomsbury.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Özdemir H. An inter-subsystemic approach in international relations // All Azimuth. 2015. Vol. 4. No. 1. P. 5–26. DOI: 10.20991/allazimuth.167329.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Özdemir H. 2015. An inter-subsystemic approach in international relations. All Azimuth, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 5–26. DOI: 10.20991/allazimuth.167329.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rapoport A. General systems theory: A bridge between two cultures. Third annual Ludwig von Bertalanﬀy memorial lecture // Behavioral Science. 1976. Vol. 21. Iss. 4. P. 228–239.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rapoport A. 1976. General systems theory: A bridge between two cultures. Third annual Ludwig von Bertalanﬀy memorial lecture. Behavioral Science, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 228–239.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shakleina T.A. New trends in subsystem formation in the 21st century // Comparative Politics Russia. 2013. No. 3. P. 33–43.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shakleina T.A. 2013. New trends in subsystem formation in the 21st century. Comparative Politics Russia, no. 3 (13), pp. 33–43.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Thompson W.R. The Arab sub-system and the feudal pattern of interaction: 1965 // Journal of Peace Research. 1970. Vol. 7. No. 2. P. 151–167.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Thompson W.R. 1970. The Arab sub-system and the feudal pattern of interaction: 1965. Journal of Peace Research, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 151–167.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Thompson W.R. Delineating regional subsystems: Visit networks and the Middle East case // International Journal of Middle East Studies. 1981. Vol. 13. No. 2. P. 213–235. DOI: 10.1017/S0020743800055306.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Thompson W.R. 1981. Delineating regional subsystems: Visit networks and the Middle East case. International Journal of Middle East Studies, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 213–235. DOI: 10.1017/S0020743800055306.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Thompson W.R. The regional subsystem: A conceptual explication and a propositional inventory // International Studies Quarterly. 1973. Vol. 17. No. 1. P. 89–117.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Thompson W.R. 1973. The regional subsystem: A conceptual explication and a propositional inventory. International Studies Quarterly, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 89–117.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tibi B. Conﬂict and war in the Middle East: From interstate war to new security. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1998.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tibi B. 1998. Conﬂict and war in the Middle East: From interstate war to new security. New York, St. Martin’s Press.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Voskressenski A.D., Boglarka K. The regional world order: Transregionalism, regional integration, and regional projects across Europe and Asia. Lanham: Lexington Books, 2019.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Voskressenski A.D., Boglarka K. 2019. The regional world order: Transregionalism, regional integration, and regional projects across Europe and Asia. Lanham, Lexington Books.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Waltz K.N. Theory of international politics. New York: Random House, 1979.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Waltz K.N. 1979. Theory of international politics. New York, Random House.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zartman W.I. Africa as a subordinate state system in international relations // International Organization. 1967. Vol. 21. No. 3. P. 545–564.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zartman W.I. 1967. Africa as a subordinate state system in international relations. International Organization, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 545–564.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
