<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">fmp</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вестник Московского Университета. Серия XXV. Международные отношения и мировая политика</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Lomonosov World Politics Journal</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2076-7404</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Московский государственный университет имени М.В.Ломоносова</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.48015/2076-7404-2026-18-1-33-61</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">fmp-368</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>САНКЦИОННЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>SANCTIONS STUDIES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Санкции в дискурсе БРИКС</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Sanctions in the BRICS discourse</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8439-2352</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Оганисян</surname><given-names>Л. Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Oganisyan</surname><given-names>L. D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Оганисян Лида Давидовна — кандидат политических наук, старший научный сотрудник Отдела международно-политических проблем ИМЭМО РАН.</p><p>117997, Москва, ул. Профсоюзная, 23</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Lida D. Oganisyan — PhD (Political Science), Senior Research Fellow at the Department of International Political Problems, Primakov National Research Institute of World Economy and International Relations, Russian Academy of Sciences.</p><p>23, Profsoyuznaya str., Moscow, 117997</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">lidaoganisyan@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное научное учреждение «Национальный исследовательский институт мировой экономики и международных отношений имени Е.М. Примакова Российской академии наук»</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Primakov National Research Institute of World Economy and International Relations, Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>18</day><month>05</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>18</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>33</fpage><lpage>61</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Оганисян Л.Д., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Оганисян Л.Д.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Oganisyan L.D.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://fmp.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/368">https://fmp.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/368</self-uri><abstract><p>В настоящий момент разнообразные санкционные меры являются одними из самых активно используемых инструментов в арсенале ведущих акторов мировой политики. При этом и объектом их применения, и, во всё большей мере, субъектом становятся страны Глобального Юга. Наиболее ярко обе эти тенденции демонстрируют государства, формирующие ядро БРИКС. Данная статья преследует цель выявить ключевые особенности многомерного дискурса о санкциях в рамках этого неформального объединения. В первом разделе рассмотрено отношение ключевых стран — участниц БРИКС к применению односторонних и международных санкций, которое затем транслируется на уровень всего объединения, в значительной мере определяя его повестку в данной сфере. Показано, что, продолжая официально осуждать практику односторонних ограничительных мер, ряд стран БРИКС также начинают всё более активно использовать разнообразные автономные рестрикции: обычно неформальные (санкции под другими названиями), но в последние годы всё чаще и формальные. Во втором разделе выявлены ключевые элементы дискурса о санкциях в рамках БРИКС в целом. Одним из важнейших его нарративов, по мнению автора, является идея о недопустимо высоком «сопутствующем ущербе», наносимом санкциями населению государства-объекта, а также третьим странам, особенно развивающимся. Третий раздел посвящен изучению новых тенденций в подходах участников БРИКС к проблематике санкций в условиях расширения применения западными субъектами в последние годы вторичных рестрикций и прихода к власти в США администрации Д. Трампа, усилившего давление на страны объединения. Автор заключает, что, хотя усиление давления со стороны Вашингтона и повышает вероятность выработки согласованной линии стран БРИКС, направленной на минимизацию ущерба от санкций, на сегодняшний день говорить об их готовности выступать единым фронтом против односторонних санкций Запада и тем более прямо противодействовать им не приходится. Тем не менее даже эта, очень умеренная, позиция БРИКС в вопросах санкционной политики вносит свой вклад в продвижение и укрепление дискурса о необходимости формирования нового, более справедливого полицентричного мирового порядка.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Currently, various restrictive measures are among the most actively used tools in the arsenal of leading actors in world politics. The countries of the Global South are both the object and, increasingly, the subject of their application. The most notable examples are the states that form the core of the BRICS. This article identifies the key features of the multidimensional discourse on sanctions within this informal association. The first section examines the attitude of key BRICS member countries towards the use of unilateral and international sanctions, which is then projected onto the level of the entire association, largely determining its agenda in this sphere. As shown, while still officially condemning the practice of unilateral restrictive measures, a number of BRICS countries are increasingly employing various autonomous restrictions: typically informal sanctions (sanctions under other names), but in recent years more and more often formal ones as well. The second section identifies the key elements of the discourse on sanctions within BRICS as a whole. According to the author, one of its most important narratives is the idea of the unacceptably high ‘collateral damage’ inflicted by sanctions on the target state’s population, as well as on third countries, particularly developing ones. The third section examines new trends in the approaches of BRICS members to sanctions amidst the expanded use of secondary restrictions by Western actors in recent years and the Trump administration’s rise to power in the United States, which intensified pressure on the BRICS countries. The author concludes that although this pressure could stimulate the development of a coordinated policy among the BRICS countries aimed at minimizing damage from sanctions, as of today, there is no indication that the association is ready to speak with one voice against Western unilateral sanctions, let alone directly counter them. Nevertheless, even this moderate BRICS position on sanctions contributes to advancing and strengthening the discourse on the need to form a new, more just, polycentric world order.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>международные санкции</kwd><kwd>односторонние санкции</kwd><kwd>вторичные санкции</kwd><kwd>рестриктивные меры</kwd><kwd>БРИКС</kwd><kwd>БРИКС+</kwd><kwd>Глобальный Юг</kwd><kwd>Глобальное большинство</kwd><kwd>сопутствующий ущерб</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>international sanctions</kwd><kwd>unilateral sanctions</kwd><kwd>secondary sanctions</kwd><kwd>restrictive measures</kwd><kwd>BRICS</kwd><kwd>BRICS+</kwd><kwd>Global South</kwd><kwd>Global Majority</kwd><kwd>collateral damage</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Баваскар Р. БРИКС в переходный период: критический анализ возможностей и проблем в рамках формирующегося глобального порядка // Современная мировая экономика. 2024. Т. 2, № 4 (8). С. 56–84. DOI: 10.17323/2949-5776-2024-2-4-56-84.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bavaskar, R. (2024) ‘BRICS v perekhodnyi period: kriticheskii analiz vozmozhnostei i problem v ramkakh formiruyushchegosya global’nogo poryadka’ [BRICS in transition: a critical analysis of opportunities and challenges within an emerging global order], Contemporary World Economy, 2(4), pp. 56–84. Available at: https://doi.org/10.17323/2949-5776-2024-2-4-56-84. (In Russian.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Геворгян К.Г. «Односторонние санкции» и международное право // Международная жизнь. 2012. № 8. С. 91–106.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gevorgyan, K.G. (2012) ‘“Odnostoronnie sanktsii” i mezhdunarodnoe pravo’ [“Unilateral sanctions” and international law], The International Affairs, (8), pp. 91–106. (In Russian.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Дынкин А.А. Трансформация мирового порядка: экономика, идеология, технологии // Полис. Политические исследования. 2024. № 5. С. 8–23. DOI: 10.17976/jpps/2024.05.02.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dynkin, A.A. (2024) ‘Transformatsiya mirovogo poryadka: ekonomika, ideologiya, tekhnologii’ [World order transformation: economy, ideology, technology], Polis. Politicheskie issledovaniya, (5), pp. 8–23. Available at: https://doi.org/10.17976/jpps/2024.05.02. (In Russian.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кашин В.Б., Пятачкова А.С., Крашенинникова Л.С. Китайская политика в сфере применения экономических санкций: теория и практика // Сравнительная политика. 2020. Т. 11, № 2. С. 123–138. DOI: 10.24411/2221-3279-2020-10024.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kashin, V.B., Pyatachkova, A.S. and Krasheninnikova, L.S. (2020) ‘Kitaiskaya politika v sfere primeneniya ekonomicheskikh sanktsii: teoriya i praktika’ [Chinese economic sanctions policy: theory and practice], Comparative Politics Russia, 11(2), pp. 123–138. Available at: https://doi.org/10.24411/2221-3279-2020-10024. (In Russian.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кошкарова Н.Н., Солопова О.А., Чудинов А.П. На пути к многополярному миру: метафоры в декларациях саммитов БРИКС // Полис. Политические исследования. 2025. № 3. С. 113–124. DOI: 10.17976/jpps/2025.03.08.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Koshkarova, N.N., Solopova, O.A. and Chudinov, A.P. (2025) ‘Na puti k mnogopolyarnomu miru: metafory v deklaratsiyakh sammitov BRIKS’ [On the way to a multipolar world: metaphors in the BRICS summits declarations], Polis. Political Studies, (3), pp. 113–124. Available at: https://doi.org/10.17976/jpps/2025.03.08. (In Russian.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лисоволик Я.Д. БРИКС+ как новая сила в глобальном управлении // Международная аналитика. 2023. Т. 14, № 1. С. 138–148. DOI: 10.46272/2587-8476-2023-14-1-138-148.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lisovolik, Ya.D. (2023) ‘BRIKS+ kak novaya sila v global’nom upravlenii’ [BRICS-Plus: the new force in global governance], Journal of International Analytics, 14(1), pp. 138–148. Available at: https://doi.org/10.46272/2587-8476-2023-14-1-138-148. (In Russian.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Новикова И.Н., Алексеева Е.В. Использование термина «Глобальный Юг» в дискурсе объединения «БРИКС» // Вестник Московского государственного лингвистического университета. Общественные науки. 2025. № 2 (859). С. 44–52.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Novikova, I.N. and Alekseeva, E.V. (2025) ‘Ispol’zovanie termina “Global’nyi Yug” v diskurse ob”edineniya “BRIKS”’ [Usage of the term ‘Global South’ in the BRICS discourse], Vestnik of Moscow State Linguistic University. Social sciences, (2), pp. 44–52. (In Russian.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Оганисян Л.Д. Гуманитарная помощь под санкциями: от постановки проблемы к поискам решений // Вестник Московского университета. Серия 25: Международные отношения и мировая политика. 2023. Т. 15, № 2. С. 116–152. DOI: 10.48015/2076-7404-2023-15-2-116-152.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Oganisyan, L.D. (2023) ‘Gumanitarnaya pomoshch’ pod sanktsiyami: ot postanovki problemy k poiskam reshenii’ [Humanitarian aid under sanctions: from the problem statement to the search for solutions], Lomonosov World Politics Journal, 15(2), pp. 116–152. Available at: https://doi.org/10.48015/2076-7404-2023-15-2-116-152. (In Russian.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Панова В.В. БРИКС: проблемы взаимодействия и потенциал сотрудничества // Обозреватель. 2013. № 1 (276). С. 39–53.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Panova, V.V. (2013) ‘BRIKS: problemy vzaimodeistviya i potentsial sotrudnichestva’ [BRICS: problems of interaction and potential for cooperation], Observer, (1), pp. 39–53. (In Russian.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Прохоренко И.Л. БРИКС: итоги председательства ЮАР и решение о расширении состава участников // Год планеты: Ежегодник / под ред. В.Г. Барановского, Э.Г. Соловьёва. М.: Идея-Пресс, 2024. С. 107–114.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Prokhorenko, I.L. (2024) ‘BRIKS: itogi predsedatel’stva YuAR i reshenie o rasshirenii sostava uchastnikov’ [BRICS: the outcome of the South African chairmanship and decision on membership expansion], in V.G. Baranovskii and E.G. Solov’ev (eds) God planety: Ezhegodnik [Year of the planet: yearbook]. Moscow: Ideya-Press Publ., pp. 107–114. (In Russian.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Прохоренко И.Л. Итоги председательства России в БРИКС // Год планеты: Ежегодник / Под ред. В.Г. Барановского, Э.Г. Соловьёва. М.: Идея-Пресс, 2025. С. 111–118.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Prokhorenko, I.L. (2025) ‘Itogi predsedatel’stva Rossii v BRIKS’ [Results of Russia’s BRICS presidency], in V.G. Baranovskii and E.G. Solov’ev (eds) God planety: Ezhegodnik [Year of the planet: yearbook]. Moscow: Ideya-Press Publ., pp. 111–118. (In Russian.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Солопова О.А., Кошкарова Н.Н. Доброе братство лучше богатства: семейная метафора в дискурсах стран БРИКС // Южно-российский журнал социальных наук. 2024. Т. 25, № 4. С. 39–54. DOI: 10.31429/26190567-25-4-39-54.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Solopova, O.A. and Koshkarova, N.N. (2024) ‘Dobroe bratstvo luchshe bogatstva: semeinyaya metafora v diskursakh stran BRIKS’ [Good brotherhood is the best wealth: family metaphor in BRICS’ discourses], South-Russian Journal of Social Sciences, 25(4), pp. 39–54. Available at: https://doi.org/10.31429/26190567-25-4-39-54. (In Russian.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Тимофеев И.Н. Вторичные санкции на российском направлении: опыт США, ЕС и Британии // Современная Европа. 2025. № 4. С. 5–17. DOI: 10.31857/S0201708325040011.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Timofeev, I.N. (2025) ‘Vtorichnye sanktsii na rossiiskom napravlenii: opyt SShA, ES i Britanii’ [The US, the UK and the EU secondary sanctions related to Russia: comparative analysis], Contemporary Europe, (4), pp. 5–17. Available at: https://doi.org/10.31857/S0201708325040011. (In Russian.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Тимофеев И.Н. Экономические санкции как политическое понятие // Вестник МГИМО-Университета. 2018. № 2 (59). С. 26–42. DOI: 10.24833/2071-8160-2018-2-59-26-42.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Timofeev, I.N. (2018) ‘Ekonomicheskie sanktsii kak politicheskoe ponyatie’ [Economic sanctions as a concept of power politics], MGIMO Review of International Relations, (2), pp. 26–42. Available at: https://doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2018-2-59-26-42. (In Russian.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Толорая Г.Д., Чуков Р.C. Рассчитывать ли на БРИКС? // Вестник международных организаций: образование, наука, новая экономика. 2016. Т. 11, № 2. С. 97–112.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Toloraya, G.D. and Chukov, R.S. (2016) ‘Rasschityvat’ li na BRIKS?’ [BRICS to be considered?], International Organisations Research Journal, 11(2), pp. 97–112. (In Russian.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Хейфец Б.А. БРИК: миф или реальность? // Мировая экономика и международные отношения. 2010. № 9. С. 72–80. DOI: 10.20542/0131-2227-2010-9-72-80.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kheifets, B.A. (2010) ‘BRIK: mif ili real’nost’?’ [BRIC: myth or reality?], World Eсonomy and International Relations, (9), pp. 72–80. Available at: https://doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2010-9-72-80. (In Russian.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Хейфец Б.А. БРИКС плюс — закономерный результат накопительной интеграции в условиях геополитической фрагментации мировой экономики // Общество и экономика. 2024. № 1. С. 109–121. DOI: 10.31857/S0207367624010093.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kheifets, B.A. (2024) ‘BRIKS plyus — zakonomernyi rezul’tat nakopitel’noi integratsii v usloviyakh geopoliticheskoi fragmentatsii mirovoi ekonomiki’ [BRICS Plus is a natural outcome of cumulative integration in the context of geopolitical fragmentation of the world economy], Society and Economics, (1), pp. 109–121. Available at: https://doi.org/10.31857/S0207367624010093. (In Russian.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Andal A.G.T., Muratshina K.G. Adjunct rather than alternative in global governance: an examination of BRICS as an international bloc through the perception of its members // Social Science Information. 2022. Vol. 61, No. 1. P. 77–99. DOI: 10.1177/05390184211068012.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Andal, A.G.T. and Muratshina, K.G. (2022) ‘Adjunct rather than alternative in global governance: an examination of BRICS as an international bloc through the perception of its members’, Social Science Information, 61(1), pp. 77–99. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/05390184211068012.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">BRICS and global governance / ed. by J. Kirton, M. Larionova. London: Routledge, 2018.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kirton, J. and Larionova, M. (eds) (2018) BRICS and global governance. London: Routledge.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cai C. China’s position and practice concerning unilateral sanctions // Research handbook on unilateral and extraterritorial sanctions / ed. by Ch. Beaucillon. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd., 2021. P. 70–89.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cai, C. (2021) ‘China’s position and practice concerning unilateral sanctions’, in Beaucillon, Ch. (ed.) Research handbook on unilateral and extraterritorial sanctions. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd., pp. 70–89.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chauhan R. From pessimism to accommodation: India’s stand and practice on unilateral sanctions // Research handbook on unilateral and extraterritorial sanctions / ed. by Ch. Beaucillon. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd., 2021. P. 55–69.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chauhan, R. (2021) ‘From pessimism to accommodation: India’s stand and practice on unilateral sanctions’, in Ch. Beaucillon (ed.) Research handbook on unilateral and extraterritorial sanctions. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd., pp. 55–69.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cooper A.F., Farooq A.B. BRICS and the privileging of informality in global governance // Global Policy. 2013. Vol. 4, No. 4. P. 428–433. DOI: 10.1111/1758-5899.12077.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cooper, A.F. and Farooq, A.B. (2013) ‘BRICS and the privileging of informality in global governance’, Global Policy, 4(4), pp. 428–433. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.12077.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ferguson V.A. Putting your money where your mouth is not: China and Russia’s implementation of economic sanctions // Journal of Global Security Studies. 2025. Vol. 10, No. 3. P. 1–21. DOI: 10.1093/jogss/ogaf010.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ferguson, V.A. (2025) ‘Putting your money where your mouth is not: China and Russia’s implementation of economic sanctions’, Journal of Global Security Studies, 10(3), pp. 1–21. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1093/jogss/ogaf010.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hufbauer G.C., Shott J.J., Elliott K.A., Oegg B. Economic sanctions reconsidered. Washington, D.C.: Peter G. Peterson Institute for International Economics, 2007.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hufbauer, G.C., Shott, J.J., Elliott, K.A. and Oegg, B. (2007) Economic sanctions reconsidered. Washington, D.C.: Peter G. Peterson Institute for International Economics.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kapustin A., Khabriev B. Unilateral sanctions — a vestige of a unipolar world: the conceptualization of the legal position of the BRICS countries // BRICS Law Journal. 2019. Vol. 6, No. 4. P. 67–94. DOI: 10.21684/2412-2343-2019-6-4-67-94.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kapustin, A. and Khabriev, B. (2019) ‘Unilateral sanctions — a vestige of a unipolar world: the conceptualization of the legal position of the BRICS countries’, BRICS Law Journal, 6(4), pp. 67–94. Available at: https://doi.org/10.21684/2412-2343-2019-6-4-67-94.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Moret E. Unilateral and extraterritorial sanctions in crisis: implications of their rising use and misuse in contemporary world politics // Research handbook on unilateral and extraterritorial sanctions / ed. by Ch. Beaucillon. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd., 2021. P. 19–36.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Moret, E. (2021) ‘Unilateral and extraterritorial sanctions in crisis: implications of their rising use and misuse in contemporary world politics’, in Ch. Beaucillon (ed.) Research handbook on unilateral and extraterritorial sanctions. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd., pp. 19–36.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nayyar D. BRICS, developing countries and global governance // Third World Quarterly. 2016. Vol. 37, No. 4. P. 575–591.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nayyar, D. (2016) ‘BRICS, developing countries and global governance’, Third World Quarterly, 37(4), pp. 575–591.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Obajinmi O.J., Garba D. BRICS expansion and its challenges to the global economic order // FUDMA Journal of Humanities, Social Science and Creative Arts. 2025. Vol. 1. P. 80–88. DOI: 10.70882/fujohssaca.2025.v1(AHBSI).10.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Obajinmi, O.J. and Garba, D. (2025) ‘BRICS expansion and its challenges to the global economic order’, FUDMA Journal of Humanities, Social Science and Creative Arts, 1, pp. 80–88. Available at: https://doi.org/10.70882/fujohssaca.2025.v1(AHBSI).10.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Reilly J. China’s unilateral sanctions // The Washington Quarterly. 2012. Vol. 35, No. 4. P. 121–133. DOI: 10.1080/0163660X.2012.726428.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Reilly, J. (2012) ‘China’s unilateral sanctions’, The Washington Quarterly, 35(4), pp. 121–133. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/0163660X.2012.726428.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stuenkel O. The BRICS and the future of global order. Lanham: Lexington, 2015.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stuenkel, O. (2015) The BRICS and the future of global order. Lanham: Lexington.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Thakur R. How representative are BRICS? // Third World Quarterly. 2014. Vol. 35, No. 10. P. 1791–1808. DOI: 10.1080/01436597.2014.971594.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Thakur, R. (2014) ‘How representative are BRICS?’, Third World Quarterly, 35(10), pp. 1791–1808. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2014.971594.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Van Noort C. The construction of power in the strategic narratives of the BRICS // Global Society. 2019. Vol. 33, No. 4. P. 462–478. DOI: 10.1080/13600826.2019.1581733.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Van Noort, C. (2019) ‘The construction of power in the strategic narratives of the BRICS’, Global Society, 33(4), pp. 462–478. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/13600826.2019.1581733.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang W., Long C. A new era of «greater BRICS cooperation»: the future of the world and China’s role // BRICS Journal of Economics. 2024. Vol. 5, No. 4. P. 37–54. DOI: 10.3897/brics-econ.5.e129530.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang, W. and Long, C. (2024) ‘A new era of “greater BRICS cooperation”: the future of the world and China’s role’, BRICS Journal of Economics, 5(4), pp. 37–54. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3897/brics-econ.5.e129530.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
