fmpВестник Московского Университета. Серия XXV. Международные отношения и мировая политикаLomonosov World Politics Journal2076-7404Московский государственный университет имени М.В.Ломоносова10.48015/2076-7404-2020-12-3-85-130fmp-51Research ArticleУ ИСТОКОВ БИПОЛЯРНОГО ПОРЯДКА: УРОКИ ВТОРОЙ МИРОВОЙ ВОЙНЫTHE ORIGINS OF THE BIPOLAR WORLD ORDER: LESSONS OF WORLD WAR IIДлинная тень Второй мировой войны: становление концепции «национальной безопасности» в СШАA Long Shadow of World War II: Development of the National Security Concept in the United StatesВеселовВ. А.VeselovV. A.

Веселов Василий Александрович — кандидат исторических наук, заместитель заведующего кафедрой международной безопасности факультета мировой политики

119991, Москва, Ленинские горы, 1

Vasilii A. Veselov — PhD (History), Deputy Head of the Chair of International Security, School of World Politics

1 Leninskie Gory, Moscow, 119991

vves@fmp.msu.ruФедеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Московский государственный университет имени М.В. Ломоносова»Lomonosov Moscow State University20202011202012385130Copyright © Веселов В.А., 20202020Веселов В.А.Veselov V.A.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://fmp.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/51

За последние годы история Второй мировой войны сама превратилась в своеобразное поле боя в «битве памяти». И это неслучайно. Помимо очевидного факта, что попытки ревизии итогов этого глобального конфликта служат отражением современных межгосударственных противоречий, следует отметить как минимум еще одно обстоятельство. «Тень» Второй мировой оказалась очень длинной. Это выражается не только в том, что мы по-прежнему живем в системе международных отношений, в основе своей сформированной по итогам событий первой половины 1940-х годов, но и в том, что мы смотрим на окружающую действительность через призму концепций и понятий, которые появились в условиях этой войны, под ее давлением и несут на себе ее отпечаток. В частности, речь идет о концепции «национальной безопасности». В данной статье рассмотрена история появления и развития этой концепции в США. Автор отмечает, что понятие «национальная безопасность» существовало на протяжении всего ХХ в., но до середины столетия отождествлялось преимущественно с обороной государства. Во время войны произошло разделение двух понятий. В статье рассматривается, какие именно уроки Второй мировой повлияли на переосмысление данного понятия и наполнение его новым содержанием, как происходила выработка взглядов на национальную безопасность в 1940-е годы. Рассмотрены также дискуссии, предшествовавшие принятию Закона о национальной безопасности (1947), и первые результаты его применения. Показано, что, с одной стороны, в основе концепции «национальной безопасности» лежало принципиальное признание существования особого состояния «между миром и войной», для успешного функционирования в условиях которого государству необходимо опираться на широкий спектр инструментов как экономического и военно-политического, так и идеологического характера. Под влиянием уроков войны национальная безопасность начала рассматриваться как «надстройка» над обороной, призванная не только интегрировать различные компоненты политики государства, но и устранять или по крайней мере сглаживать возникающие между ними противоречия. С другой стороны, с самого начала концепция «национальной безопасности» приобрела ярко выраженный проактивный, наступательный и экспансионистский характер. Выступая своеобразной антитезой концепции «коллективной безопасности», данное понятие отражало стремление элит США не просто встроиться в существующую систему международных отношений, а создать новую, которая будет базироваться на американских ценностях и обеспечивать устойчивое функционирование американской экономики. «Внешним продолжением» национальной безопасности США должна была служить и создававшаяся система военно-политических союзов. Автор заключает, что именно многомерность понятия «национальная безопасность», обусловленная многомерностью вызовов, с которыми столкнулись государства в годы Второй мировой войны, объясняет его востребованность при изучении современных проблем мировой политики.

In recent years, the history of World War II has transformed into a battlefield in its own right in the ‘war of memory’. Besides the clear fact that the current attempts to revise the results of this war reflect the contemporary international tensions, yet another factor should be noted. The ‘shadow’ of the Second World War appears to be very long. It manifests itself not only in the contemporary system of international relations, but also in the fact that we still view the world around through the prism of concepts that appeared during the state of war and still bear its mark. Particularly, the concept of national security. This paper examines the emergence and development of this concept in the United States. The author notes that although the concept of national security existed throughout the 20th century, before World War II it was identified primarily with the defense of the state. The paper examines how lessons of the Second World War led to a rethinking of this concept, and how approaches to national security evolved during the war and immediately after it. Special attention is given to discussions that preceded the adoption of the National Security Act of 1947, as well as to its initial results. The author demonstrates that the national security concept was based on a fundamental recognition of the existence of a special state between peace and war. For successful functioning within this state, the government needs to rely on a wide range of tools of both economic and military-political and ideological nature. Based on the lessons from the war, national security was viewed as an ‘overarching structure’, aimed not only at integrating various components of the state’s policy, but also at eliminating any contradictions that may arise between them. On the other hand, the author emphasizes that from the very beginning the national security concept had a pronounced proactive, offensive and expansionist character. Being considered as an antipode to the concept of collective security, this concept reflected the will of the US elites not only to get integrated in the existing system of international relations, but to create a new one, which would be based on the American values and would ensure the stable functioning of the US economy. The author concludes that it is precisely the multidimensionality of the national security concept caused by the multidimensional nature of the challenges of World War II that explains its continued relevance for the study of world politics.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.