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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">fmp</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вестник Московского Университета. Серия XXV. Международные отношения и мировая политика</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Lomonosov World Politics Journal</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2076-7404</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Московский государственный университет имени М.В.Ломоносова</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">fmp-71</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ИНОСТРАННАЯ ПОМОЩЬ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>FOREIGN ASSISTANCE</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>США и проблемы обеспечения стабильного развития Иорданского Хашимитского Королевства в исторической ретроспективе</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>The United States and the Challenges of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan’s Internal Stability: A Historical Retrospective</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хлебникова</surname><given-names>Л. Р.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Khlebnikova</surname><given-names>L. R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Хлебникова Луиза Романовна — кандидат исторических наук, научный сотрудник факультета мировой политики МГУ имени М.В. Ломоносова, заместитель директора по развитию международных и общественных связей Центра проблем безопасности и развития </p><p>119991, Москва, Ленинские горы, 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Luiza R. Khlebnikova — PhD (History), Research Fellow, Deputy Director for International and Public Affairs at the Center for Security and Development Studies, School of World Politics </p><p>1 Leninskie Gory, Moscow, 119991</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">lkhlebnikova@fmp.msu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Московский государственный университет имени М.В. Ломоносова»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Lomonosov Moscow State University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2018</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>26</day><month>11</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>10</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>79</fpage><lpage>120</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Московский государственный университет имени М.В.Ломоносова, 2020</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Московский государственный университет имени М.В.Ломоносова</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Московский государственный университет имени М.В.Ломоносова</copyright-holder><license xlink:href="https://fmp.elpub.ru/jour/about/submissions#copyrightNotice" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>https://fmp.elpub.ru/jour/about/submissions#copyrightNotice</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://fmp.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/71">https://fmp.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/71</self-uri><abstract><p>Иорданское Хашимитское Королевство играет важную роль в ближневосточной подсистеме международных отношений и регулярно оказывается в эпицентре событий, происходящих в зоне палестино-израильского конфликта, Ираке или Сирии. Внешние факторы осложняют преодоление внутренних вызовов экономического и социально-политического характера иорданским властям, которые время от времени сталкиваются с достаточно масштабными протестными выступлениями. Это в свою очередь обусловливает высокую степень зависимости Иордании от помощи извне. Основной ее объем поступает из США, которые считают обеспечение стабильности Иордании одним из важных национальных интересов в регионе и часто выступали связующим звеном в отношениях Израиля и Иордании. В статье подробно рассмотрены мотивы предоставления американской помощи Королевству и использования ее в качестве инструмента давления на иорданские власти на разных этапах американо-иорданских отношений с акцентом на периоде между двумя волнами протестов — 1989 и 2011 гг. Выявлены ключевые изменения в объемах и структуре помощи. Особое внимание уделено «израильскому фактору», играющему важнейшую роль в американо-иорданских отношениях. В первой части статьи дается экскурс в историю взаимоотношений США и Иордании в эпоху «холодной войны», во второй внимание сосредоточено на последнем десятилетии правления короля Хусейна (1989–1999), в третьей — на событиях, происходивших при его преемнике — Абдалле II — c момента прихода к власти до «Иорданской весны» 2011 г. Автор делает вывод, что США изначально осознавали степень хрупкости иорданской государственности, построенной вокруг фигуры короля. Однако важность Иордании для решения стержневых региональных проблем, будь то противодействие распространению влиянию Египта и Советского Союза, арабо-израильский конфликт и — на более поздних этапах — палестино-израильский мирный процесс или война с терроризмом, заставляла администрации США независимо от их партийной принадлежности закрывать глаза на отсутствие реального прогресса в реализации либеральных реформ. Более того, именно устойчивый приток внешней помощи позволял иорданским властям отказываться от обещанных преобразований. В этой ситуации начавшееся в Магрибе «Арабское пробуждение» не могло не затронуть и Хашимитское Королевство, став наиболее серьезным вызовом для правящего режима с конца 1980-х годов.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan has been playing an important role in the Middle Eastern subsystem being heavily affected by the events in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict zone, as well as wars in Iraq or Syria. External factors compound the Jordanian authorities’ efforts to overcome the numerous internal economic, social and political challenges causing regular protests, sometimes of a quite considerable scale. At the same time Jordan is extremely dependent on external support. It has been receiving the bulk of aid from the United States that regards stability of Jordan as one of key interests in the region and often acted as a mediator between the State of Israel and the Hashemite Kingdom. This paper provides a detailed examination of the rationale behind the US aid to Jordan and the fluctuations in its volume and structure at different phases of the US-Jordanian relations with a focus on the period between two waves of protests — of 1989 and 2011. Special attention is paid to the ‘Israeli factor’ which would play a crucial role in the US-Jordanian relations. The paper’s first section contains a brief overview of the history of the relations between the United States and the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan during the Cold War. The second section focuses on the last decade of King Hussein’s rule (1989–1999). The final section examines the policies of his son, Abdullah II — from his ascension to throne until the ‘Jordanian Spring’ of 2011. The conclusion is drawn that the United States was always aware of fragility of Jordanian statehood built around the king. However, the importance of Jordan for addressing pivotal regional сhallenges (such as countering the spread of Nasser’s Egypt and the Soviet Union’s influence in the region, the Arab-Israeli conflict and — later — the Israel-Palestinian peace process or the War on Terror), forced the consecutive US administrations, regardless of their party affiliation, to turn a blind eye to the lack of real progress in the implementation of liberal reforms in the Hashemite Kingdom. Moreover, it was the steady flow of foreign assistance that allowed the Jordanian monarchy to halt promised reforms. Thus, it seems quite natural that the Arab Awakening of 2011 did affect Jordan creating the most serious political challenge to the royal family’s rule since the late 1980s.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Иордания</kwd><kwd>США</kwd><kwd>Израиль</kwd><kwd>Палестина</kwd><kwd>Ирак</kwd><kwd>Ближний Восток</kwd><kwd>арабо-израильский конфликт</kwd><kwd>мирный процесс</kwd><kwd>война с терроризмом</kwd><kwd>внешняя помощь</kwd><kwd>демократизация</kwd><kwd>беженцы</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Jordan</kwd><kwd>United States</kwd><kwd>Israel</kwd><kwd>Palestine Middle East</kwd><kwd>ArabIsraeli conflict</kwd><kwd>peace process</kwd><kwd>war on terror</kwd><kwd>foreign assistance</kwd><kwd>democratization</kwd><kwd>refugees</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование подготовлено при финансовой поддержке Российского фонда фундаментальных исследований в рамках научного проекта № 17-37-01018-ОГН.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The research has been accomplished with a financial support from the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, project № 17-37-01018-OGN.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Аганин А.Р., Соловьева З.А. 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